Yini iTilapia?
iTilapia yimfishi yemantilahlobile yesibili lefuywa kakhulu kulelicembu lato mhlabawonkhe. Tisuka etropical Afruja base Dvute kwe Mpumalanga, le tilapia yimfishi ledla tilwane netitjalo lokungagcina timo tendzawo lenkhulu. Ngekwentsengo tingafuywa ngebuninigi betimo temanti lafutfumele (20 kuya ku 30°C), kepha tenta kahle endzaweni lencane yemanti lenekudla kwendalo lokulahliwe.Ngumaphi Emacembu eTilapia Lalungele ku Fuywa?
Lomunye 95% mhlabawonkhe wema tilapia lakhicitiwe asebentisa lokutfutfukisiwe kwalokulimele kwe Oreochromis niloticus, le tilapia yase Nile. Lawamacembu lamancane sekasebentisekakhulu lokwakusetjentiswa kwa O. mossambicus (itilapia yase Mozambique) lehlushwa tigaba tekucala tekukhula, kukhula kancane nekuma kabi kwemtimba, lokunika kukhokha kancane tinyama.Kungavumi tifo, umtimba-loshonako kanye nekukhula ngekuphangisa kwe tilapia yase Nile nyalo ngutona tindlela tekutsengisa, kuleto letibovu naletesiliva ngelibala. (‘Umtimba logubhile’ usho kutsi lomtimba wakheke kahle, nawuchatsaniswa naloyo lowakheke ngendlela leshona kancane, inhloko lenkhulu nekubabete kwe ‘nyama’ njenge O. mossambicus.)
iTilapia yase Nile ingakhula kusuka ku 1 g wetingalo kuya ku 500 g we mass (imakethe ye mass) kutinyanga letisiphohlongo kuya kuletiyimfica nakubekiswa kutinyanga letilishumi nemfica kuleletinye tincumbi tetilapia.
emaTilapia ase Nile afuywa eAfrika lese Ningizimu kepha adzinga imvumo lemcoka lesuka ku Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) eNingizimu Afrika, lapho kubekwa njengemacembu etilwane letingenelako.
Timo Tekukhula te Tilapia
emaTilapia macembu asemantini-lafutfumele lanesimo sekushisa sasemantini lahambeka ku 24 kuya 32°C. Lizinga lekukhula kwe tilapia lehla ngesikhatsi simo semantic singaphansi kwa 20°C phindze kukhombise kancane ekungakhulini lokungaphansi kwa 15°C. iTilapia kulula kutsintseka kwayo etifeni kumanti laphansi ngekubandza (abandza kwengca ku 15°C) futsi ingafa ku 12°C noma ngaphansi kwaloko. Loku kukalela letindzawo letise Ningizimu Afrika lapho khona lawamacembu angakhuliswa ngekwentsengo ngaphandle, noma emathanela etindlu-letiluhlata telisiko tivumela kusakateka kabanti ngekufuywa.Noma nje ematilapia acolela kakhulu nge oxygen laphansi ngetigaba (ngaphansi kwa 4 ppm) netigaba letiphakeme te ammonia kunaleto letinye temacembu etimfishi (fana ne mfishi lephila emantini) kukhula akukho kahle ngesikhatsi lizinga lemanti litfolwa ngetigaba letiphansi. Kusiphosiso kutsemba kutsi itilapia ingakhula etindzaweni letinetimo letiphuyile.
Tigodzi Tekukhicita iTilapia eNingizimu Afrika
Noma simo semantic lafutfumele mnyakawonkhe ayintfo lencono, umkhicito we tilapia lephakeme kumave lafana nabo Egypt (lapho khona emathani langetulu kwetinkhulungwane letimakhulu lasikhombisa nemashumi lasihlanu akhicitwa ngemnyaka) kukhombisa kutsi letindzawo tase Ningizimu Afrika tiyintfo lencono ngemanti lamancane laluhlata ngelisiko letilapia. Egypt, ngesimo sakhe lesipholile eMediterranean ebusika, inesimo lesiphansi sekubandza kwemanti njenga 10°C.Tiningi tincenye te Ningizimu Afrika lese nyakatfompuma Lesetindzaweniletiphansi (eSifundzeni sase Limpopo nase Mpumalanga eNkomati) kanjalo nase KwaZulu-Natal sigodzi lesisemnceleni we nyakatfo lenesimo sekubandza semanti ebusika ngetulu kwa 15°C, lokutenta tilungele itilapia yelisiko yangaphandle.
Tindzawo letincane Temanti Laluhlata eTilapia
Lokufuywa kwe tilapia ngeliningi eChina, Indonesia, ePhilippines, eBangladesh, eIsrael nase Egypt kwentiwa ngekuvundzisa nekuphiwa emanti laluhlata etindzawo letincane.‘Kuvundziswa’ kwemanti laluhlata kungetetela kumbe kwetilwane noma emakhemikhali ekuvundzisa kulamanti kwentela kutfutfukisa lokukhula kwekudla kwendalo kwetimfishi – tintfo letiphilako letifana ne daphnia, cyclops nesitjalo lesihluma emantini lesingadliwa nguletimfishi. Lamanti abaluhlata ngesikhatsi salenchubo.
E ‘kupheni’ emanti lamancane laluhlata, tintfo tekuphela kudla tiyasetjentiswa. Lendlela yemanti laluhlata lamancane, inciphosa kubita kwekudla ngekutfutfukisa kudla lokungumusa kwendalo kulamanti lamancane. Lawamanti lamancane kumele acishe abengulamakhulu kwentela kunakekela lizinga lelikahle lemanti, linani lelingaba ngu 0.25 welihekitha (fana na 50 m x 50 m).
Onkhe ematilapia akhokhwa amacane futsi onkhe-madvuna, kuvikela kukhokhwa kwenombolo lengetulu kulamanti lamancane. Indlela lendzala yemnyaka wa 1960 yaletincane, letihlobile tindzawo letincane temanti, letisebentisa inhlanganiso- yebulili betingalo temadloti langatiwa kwasuswa kadzeni ngekutsi akusebenti.
Ku-jikeleta phindze kweNdlela yeTilapia
Re-circulating aquaculture systems (RAS) kwentela kufuywa kwe tilapia sekutanyiwe emadolobheni nasetindzaweni letimadolobhana. Nomakunjalo, lendlela le RAS ngemandla kanye nelwati kufuna phindze kuhlushwa kubuya kwekudzinga kudla lokungasiko. eNingizimu Afrika, kudla kwetilapia kudulie nawukucatsanisa nakulamanye emave kufana nase Zambia. Nge food conversion ratio (FCR) (ngesimo sekugucula sikali sekudla) lokuhambela ku 1:1.5 etindleleni letikahle, kusebentisa intfo lengaba kudla kwe tilapia nga R12/kg, kubita kwekudla kukodvwa kungafika ku R18/kg ngisho nasemkhicitweni lomningi we RAS.Lonamdlandla, lwati nekubita kwenta kuhamba kwemnotfo we RAS ubunemibuto. Nakuhlanganiswe nemdlandla lophakeme kanye nekubita kwekusebenta, lokubbita kwe tilapia endleleni lenjena kungaphakamisa lokubita emakethe kwenyama yetilapia ngaletinye tikkhatsi.
Ibe iRAS inelitfuba lekuphatsa lizinga lemanti kumele kumukelwe kutsi lengoti yekwehluleka kwekusebenta kuphakeme, nekulahlekelwa sitoko. Tindlela letifana naleti titsenjwa ngemfutfo welisuku, busuku neliviki, lokudzinga umfutfo longetiwe nesigaba lesiphakeme selwati. Ngekwengeta, akukavunywa ngekwemnotfo.Translated by Phindile Malotana