Ngaphambi kokuqala nayiphi na intlobo yokufuya iintlanzi, kubalulekile ukuba ukuba ube nohlelo lwe shishini olululo (business plan). Kufuneka wazi ukuba uza kuthengisela abantu abanjani, umgangatho wamanzi, izixhobo ezifanelekileyo, isitoko esisempilweni seentlanzi kwaye ubenezakhono ezifanelekileyo zofuyo lweentlanzi (aquaculture).
Yintoni iTilapia?
iTilapia yeyesibini kuluhlu lwezona ntlanzi zifuywayo ehlabathini. Imvelaphi yale ntlanzi ikumazwe atshisayo ase Afrika kunye nango akufutshane ne Ntshona. Le ntlanzi itya izityalo kunye nenyama, kwaye ingamelana neemozulu neendawo ezahlukileyo. Le ntlobo yentlanzi ingafuyelwa intengiso kumanzi afudumeleyo (20 - 30℃). Kodwa ikhula kakuhle kwiindawo ezinamanzi amancinane anokutya okuninzi kwendalo.Zeziphi Iindidi Ze Tilapia Ezikulungeleyo Ukufuywa?
Inani elibalelwa kuma 95% emveliso ye tilapia kwihlabathi jikelele lisebenzisa i of worldwide Oreochromis niloticus,neyindidi ebizwa nge Nile tilapia. Le ndidi ingenelele endaweni yendidi eyayikade isetyenziswa, nebizwa nge O. mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia). Ingxaki ngale ntlobo yentlanzi kukuba iyakhawuleza ukukhula ngokupheleleyo, iyacotha ukukhula kwaye nomzimba wayo umile kakubi, nto leyo yenza ukuba ibenenyama encinane.iNile tilapia kwelinye icala ayifunyanwa lula zizifo, inenyama eninzi kunye O. mossambicus. vu nosilivere. Le ntlanzi ingakhula ukusuka nje kwi 1g ubuncinane ukuya kuma 500 g obunzima (ubunzima bemakethi) ngenyanga ezisi 8-9. Lo fama ezinye iindidi ze tilapia zidinga iinyanga ezifikelela kwi 14 ukuze zifikelele kobu bunzima.
iNile tilapia iveliswa kakhulu eMazantsi Afrika, kodwa idinga impepha mvume ezikhethekileyo ezifumaneka e Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) eMzantsi Afrika, nalapho icalulwa njenge ndidi engafunekiyo.
Indawo Zokukhulisela iTilapia
iTilapia yintlanzi yamanzi afudumeleyo, nalapho amaqondo obushushu afanelekileyo aba phakathi kwama 24 - 32°C. Isantya sokukhula kwe tilapia siyehla xa amaqondo obushushu bamanzi engaphantsi kwama 20°C, kwaye ikhula kancinci nangakumbi okanye ingakhuli kwaphela kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe 15°C. Kulula ukuba itilapia ingangenwa zizifo xa iphila kumanzi anamaqondo obushushu asezantsi (angaphantsi kwe 15°C). Iyafa ke xa ihlala kumanzi akumaqondo ali 12 okanye ngaphantsi.Oku kwenza ukuba ingakwazi ukuveliswa kwiingingqi ezithile eMzantsi Afrika, nalapho le ndidi ingakhuliselwa phandle. Noxa kunjalo xa ikhuliselwa kwindawo enga litonela (green-house tunnel-based) ingenza kubelula ukuba le ntlanzi iveliswe kwiindawo eziliqela kweli lizwe. Nangona intlanzi yohlobo lwe tilapia inako ukuphila kwindawo ezinamaqondo aphantsi e-oxijini (angaphantsi kwe 4ppm) kunye nawe ammonia aphezulu kunezinye iindidi zentlanzi (umz. itrout); ayikhuli ngempumelelo xa umgangatho wamanzi ugcinwe ukumaqondo aphantsi. Kuyimpazamo ukukholelwa ukuba intlanzi yohlobo lwe tilapia ingakhuliselwa phantsi kweemeko ezimaxongo.
Imimandla Evelisa iTilapia eMzantsi Afrika
Nangona amanzi afudumeleyo unyaka wonke elungile, amazwe avelisa kakhulu intlanzi ye tilapia afana ne Egypt (nalapho kuveliswa inani elingaphaya leetoni ezingama 750 000 minyaka le) abonisa ukuba iingingqi ezifana noMzantsi Afrika zingakulungela ukuvelisa intlanzi yohlobo lwe tilapsia. I-Egypt, kunye nobusika bayo obupholileyo be Mediterranean, bungaba namaqondo obushushu angabaphantsi ukufikelelwa kwi winters 10℃.Zininzi iindawo emntla-mpuma wo Mzantsi Afrika (kumaphondo ase Limpopo nase Mpumalanga) kwakunye namantla wonxweme lwa KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo, nalapho kukho amaqondo obushushu asebusika asenokuba ngaphezulu kwe15℃. Nto leyo ibangela ukuba ezi ngingqi zikulungele ukuvelisa itilapia.
Ubuchule Bamachibi Aluhlaza eTilapia
Unintsi lweefama ze tilapia kumazwe ase China, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Israel kunye nase Egypt zisebenzisa amachibi aluhlaza achunyisiweyo. ‘Ukuchumisa’ amachibi aluhlaza kwenziwa ngokugalela izichumiso zezilwanyana okanye ezekhemikhali emanzini. Oku kwenzelwa ukuba kuphuhliswe ukukhula kokutya kweentlanzi ngokwendalo- oku ke iba zii oganizm ezifana ne daphnia, cyclops kunye nee algaes nezithi zityiwe ziintlanzi. Amanzi ayajika abe luhlaza ngokuye kugalelwa ezi khemikhali. Apho iintlanzi ‘zondliwa’ khona, kuye kusetyenziswe iinkozo ezenziweyo ukondla iintlanzi. Ubuchule bamachibi aluhlaza kunciphisa iindleko zokuthenga ukutya ngokuthi bukhulise ukutya okwaneleyo kweentlanzi kulamachibi. La machibi kufuneka abe makhulu ukuze amanzi ahlale esemgangathweni olungileyo. Kudingeka umlinganiselo ongama 0.25 ha ubuncinane (umz. 50 m x 50 m).Oonke amantshontho e tilapia ayakhethwa kwaye azinkunzi onke. Oku kuthintela ukugcwala kwechibi ziintlanzi kusekutsha. Ubuchule bakudala beminyaka yoo 1960, bokusebenzisa amachibi amancinci acocekileyo anamantshontsho anezini ezixubeneyo nangaziwayo ukuba asuka phi kwatshitshiswa kudala; njengoko kwakungancedi.
iRe-circulating Systems ze Tilapia
Re-circulating aquaculture systems (RAS) zokufuywa kwentlanzi yohlobo lwe tilapia, sele zisuka kuzanywa kwiingingqi ezisezidolophini. Kodwa ke, ubuchule be RAS budinga amandla kunye nezakhono, kwaye buthe phese nje ngokudinga ukutya okungeyondalo. eMzantsi Afrika, ukutya kwentlanzi yohlobo lwe tilapia kuxabisa kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nokwamazwe afana ne Zambia.Isabelo sokutya (nesibizwa nge food conversion ratio (FCR)) esimalunga ne 1:1.5 kwii system ezilungileyo. Umzekelo, ukutya kwe tilapia kuxabisa R12/kg. Iindleko zokutya nje zizodwa zingafikelela kwi R18/kg noba iintlanzi sele zikhuliselwa kweyona RAS inemveliso.
La mandla, izakhono kunye neendleko zenza kuthandabuzeke ukonga ngobuchule be RAS. Xa kudityaniswe amandla kunye neendleko zabasebenzi, iindleko zokukhulisa itilapia zingaba ngaphaya kweexabiso enokuthengiswa ngalo, ngamanye amaxesha.
Logama iRAS ikwazi ukulawula umgangatho wamanzi, kufuneka kwamnkeleke ukuba aphezulu amathuba okuba le system ingaphumeleli, nto leyo inokukhukelela kwilahleko yeentlanzi. Ii system eziloluhlobo zixhomekeke emandleni ombane ngalo lonke ixesha. Kufuneka ibekhona enye indlela yokwenza amandla umbane, ukwenzela xa uthe awabikho umbane. Kwaye kufuneka kubekho nomntu onezakhono ezikwizinga eliphezulu. Ngaphezulu koko obu buchwepheshe abuka vavanywa kakuhle ngokwezoqoqosho.
Translated by Zizipho Silwana