Loko unga se sungula bindzu ra vufuwi wa tihlampfi eka mati yo tenga, swina nkoka kuva na kungu ra bindzu, lava makete wa wena (for selling fish), khwalithi ya mati, switirhisiwa leswi lulameleke, tihlampfi leti hanyeke kahle kutani uva na vuswikoti lebyi lavekaka eka vufuwi bya tihlampfi ta mati yo tenga (aquaculture).
Xana iyini Tilapia?
Tilapia i hlamfpi ya vumbirhi leyi fuyiwaka ngopfu eka mati yotenga emisaveni hinkwayo. Yi tumbuluka kusuka e Afrika nale Near East, tilapia i hlampfi leyi dyaka nyama na swimilani(eats both plant and animal matter) leyinga kotaka ku hanya kahle eka swipimelo swotala swa mbango. Tinga fuweriwa ku xavisiwa eka tinxaka tohambana ta mati lawa ya kufumelaka (20 - 30℃), kambe tihanya kahle swinene eka ti ponds letinga taleriwa hi swakudya swa ntumbuluko.I Tinxaka tihi ta Tilapia Letinga kahle Kufuyiwa?
Kwalomu ka 95% wa vuhumelerisi bya tilapia emisaveni hinkawyo wutirhisiwa ku antswisiwa ka Oreochromis niloticus, muxaka wa Nile tilapia. Tinxaka leti tihundzile leti a titirhisiwa khale ta O. mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) leti hluphekaka hikwalaho ka kuva ti hatlisa tikula, kukula hiku nonoka xikan’we na xiyimo xoka ringari kahle xa miri, lexi vuyerisaka mbuyelo wale hansi wa fillet.Ku kondzelela mavabyi, miri lowu anameke xikan’we nakuhatlisa kukula ka Nile tilapia hiswona leswi namuntlha kunga swipimelo swa vuxavisi, eka tinxaka timbirhi ta mihlovo ya silivhere nayo tshuka. (’Deep bodied’ means that the body is deep in profile, as opposed to one with a shallow body form, an excessively large head and no ‘meat’ like O. mossambicus.)
Nile tilapia yinga kula kusuka eka 1 g fingerling kuya eka 500 g hi ntiko (market mass) hi 8 - 9 wa tinhweti loko tipimanyisiwa na 14 wa tinhweti eka tinxaka tin’wana ta tilapia.
Nile tilapia ti fuyiwa ngopfu e Dzongeni wa Afrika kambe ti lava mpfumelelo wo hlawuleka kusuka eka Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) e Afrika Dzonga, laha titekiwaka tani hi muxaka lowunga tolovelekangiki lowunga nghenelekeki.
Swipimelo swa Makuriselo ya Tilapia
Tilapia titsakela swinene mati yokufumela laha mahiselo ya mati yavaka exikarhi ka 24 - 32°C.Nhlayo ya makulelo ya tilapia ya hunguteka loko mahiselo ya mati yari ehansi ka 20°C naswona ayaha kuli loko mati yale e hansi ka 15°C. Tilapia yi khomiwa ngopfu hi mavabyi loko mati yari eka mahiselo yale hansi (colder than 15°C) naswona yitafa loko yari eka 12℃ kumbe ehansi. Leswi swipimela tindzhawu tinwana ta Afrika Dzonga laha tinxaka leti tinga fuyiwaka kuva ti xavisiwa eka tindzhawu leti pfulekeke, hambi leswi ti green-house na ndzhavuko wa tunnel wunga hangalaka swinene tani hi mafuwelo.
Hambi leswi swingariki xiphiqo ngopfu loko kuri na moya wale hansi (lower than 4 ppm) xikan’we na nhlayo ya ammonia yale henhla kutlula tinxaka tin’wana ta tihlampfi (e.g. trout) kukula aswi humeleli loko khwalithi ya mati yiri hansi swinene. I xihoxo lexikulu swinene kuva u tshemba leswaku tilapia yinga kula eka mbango wa xiyimo xale hansi.
Tindzhawu ta Vuhumelerisi bya Tilapia e Afrika Dzonga
Hambi leswi mahiselo ya mati yo kufumela yanga wona yanga lulamela, vuhumelerisi bya tilapia eka matiko yofana na Egypt (where more than 750 000 tons are produced annually) ya komba swinene leswaku tindzhawu ta Afrika Dzonga ti lulamerile ndzhavuko wa green water pond ya tilapia. Egypt, leyingana xixika xo hola xa Mediterranean, xina mahiselo ya mati lawa ya chikaka kufika eka 10°C.Kuna tindzhawu totala ta le n’walungu vuhuma dyambu bya Lowveld ya Afrika Dzonga (in both Limpopo Province and the Mpumalanga Province’s Incomati corridor) xikan’we nale n’walungwini wale tibuweni ta lwandle ta KwaZulu-Natal letingana mati ya xixika ya mahiselo lawa yanga ehenhla ka 150°C, lawa yanga kahle eka vufuwi byale handle bya tilapia.
Switirhisiwa swa Green Water Pond swa Tilapia
Nhlayo yikulu ya vufuwi bya tilapia e China, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Israel xikan’we na Egypt swi endliwa eka ti green water ponds letinga nonisiwa naku phameriwa.‘Fertilising’ yati green water ponds iku engeteleriwa ka manyoro ya swiharhi kumbe tikhemikhali eka mati ku hlohletela kukula ka ntumbuluko ka swakudya swa tihlampfi – swofana na daphnia, cyclops na algaes lowu dyiwaka hi tihlampfi. Mati ya hundzuka rihlaza hinkarhi lowu.
Eka ti green water ponds leti phameriwaka, swakudya leswi cheriweke swilo swoka swingari swa ntumbuluko swa tirhisiwa. Maendlelo ya green water ponds, ya hunguta tihakelo ta swakudya hiku tlakusa ntalo wa swakudya swantumbuluko eka ti ponds. Ti ponds leti tifanele kuva tikurile swinene kuva tiva na mati ya khwalithi ya kahle, vukulu lebyinga kwalomu ka 0.25 ha (e.g. 50 m x 50 m).
Hinkwato ti tilapia fingerlings ti kurisiwa hiku hlawuriwa naswona hinkwato ta xinuna, kusivela kutala ngopfu eka ti ponds. Maendlelo yak hale yava 1960’s ya ti ponds letintsongo letingana mati yovonikela, lawa kufuyiwaka rimbewu hinkwaro rati fingerlings letinga tivekeki lomu tihumaka kona kusukela khale switekiwa swingari na mbuyelo.
Switirhisiwa swa Re-circulating swa Tilapia
Re-circulating aquaculture systems (RAS) ya vufuwi bya tilapia swiringetiwile eka tindzhawu tale madorobeni xakan’we naleti tingariki na vudoroba ngopfu. Hambi swiritano, maendlelo ya RAS ya lava matimba na vuswikoti swinene naswona ti suffers ti tlhelerisela endzhaku swinene swilaveko swaku phameriwa ka swakudya leswi phameriwaka Kunene. E Afrika Dzonga, swilaveko swa tilapia swadurha swinene loko swipimanyisiwa na matiko yofana na Zambia. Hi (FCR) ya kwalomu ka 1: 1.5 eka maendlelo ya kahle, kutirhisiwa ka swikombiso swa swakudya swa tilapia eka R12/kg, tihakelo ta swakudya ntsena swinga fika eka R18/kg eka vuhumelerisi bya RAS.Matimba lawa, vuswikoti xikan’we na tihakelo swi endla leswaku kuhumelela ka ikhonomi bya RAS byinga twisiseki. Kukatsiwa ka matimba yale henhla na tihakelo ta vatirhi, kukurisa ka tilapia eka maendlelo lawa yanga hundza ntsengo wa makete wa nyama ya tilapia minkarhi hinkwayo.
Loko RAS yiri na nkateko waku lawula khwalithi ya mati swifanele ku pfumeriwa leswaku khombo raku yima ka michini leyi swile henhla, leswinga endlaka leswaku kuva na kulahlekeriwa ka xitoko. Matirhelo lawa ya tshembele ngopfu eka matimba kuringana 24/7, leswi tshembelaka eka nseketelo wa mphakelo wa matimba xikan’we na levele ya vuswikoti. Tlhandla kambirhi, aswise kumisisiwa kuya hi ikhonomi.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni