Ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenza kokulima kwezinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile, kubalulekile ukuba ube nesimiso esihle sebhizinisi, thola imakethe yakho (ngokuthengisa izinhlanzi), ikhwalithi yamanzi, imishini efanelekayo, inhlanzi enhle enempilo futhi ube namakhono afanele ekulimeni kwamanzi okudoba amanzi.
Kuyini iTilapia?
I-Tilapia iyinhlangano yezilwane ezinhlanzi ezihamba phambili ezihamba phambili emhlabeni wonke. Ukusuka e-Afrika eshisayo nase-Near East, i-tilapia iyinhlanzi yama-omnivorous (idla kokubili izinto zezitshalo nezesilwane) ezingase zisekele izimo zemvelo ezibanzi. Zingahlakulelwa ngokuhweba ezinhlobonhlobo zamanzi afudumele (20 - 30℃), kodwa yenza kahle emachibini onokudla kwemvelo eningi.Yiziphi Izinhlobo zeTilapia Ezingcono Kakhulu Kwezolimo?
I-95% yokukhiqiza kwe-tilapia yomhlaba wonke isebenzisa izinkinga ezithuthukisiwe ze-Oreochromis niloticus, i-tilepia yamaNayile. Lezi zinhlobo zithathele i-O. mossambicus (iMozambique tilapia) eyayisetshenziselwa ukubhekana nokukhubazeka kokukhula okuqala, ukukhula kancane nokuma komzimba, ukunikeza isivuno esincane.Izifo ezinqandekile, ezijulile nezikhulayo ezikhulayo ze-Nile tilapia manje seziyizinga lokuhweba, kokubili umbala obomvu nesesiliva. ('Umzimba ojulile' kusho ukuthi umzimba ungobujamo obujulile, ngokungafani nomzimba ongajulile, ikhanda elikhulu kakhulu futhi akukho 'inyama' njengo-O. mossambicus).
I-tilapia yama-Nile ingakhula kusuka ku-1 g ngomunwe kuya ku-500 g mass (imakethe yamakethe) ezinyangeni ezingu-8 kuya kwezi-9 uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyanga ezingu-14 ezikhona kwezinye izinhlobo ze-tilapia.
I-tilapia yama-Nile iyalinywa kabanzi eNingizimu ye-Afrika kepha idinga imvume ekhethekile eMnyangweni Wezemvelo (DEA) eNingizimu Afrika, lapho ihlukaniswa khona njengezinhlobo eziphilayo ezingenasidlangalaleni.
Isimo Esilungele Ukukhula kwe-Tilapia
I-Tilapia yizinhlobo ezifudumele zamanzi afudumele ngamanzi okushisa angama-24 - 32℃.Izinga lokukhula le-tilapia liyehla uma izinga lokushisa kwamanzi lingaphansi kuka-20℃ futhi libonisa kancane ukukhula okungaphansi kuka-15℃. I-Tilapia isengozini yezifo eziphansi kwamazinga aphansi (okuyi-15℃) futhi izofa ngo-12℃ noma iphansi. Lokhu kuvumela izindawo eNingizimu Afrika lapho lezi zinhlobo zingatshalwa khona ngaphandle kwezebhizinisi, nakuba isiko elisekelwe emanzini ase-green-house livumela ukulima okubanzi.
Nakuba i-tilapia ingcono kakhulu ukuthethelela amazinga aphansi e-oksijini (ngaphansi kwama-4 ppm) namazinga aphezulu e-ammonia kunamanye ama-fish species (Isib. Ukukhula) ayiphumelelanga uma izinga lemanzi ligcinwa emazingeni aphansi. Kuyiphutha ukukholelwa ukuthi i-tilapia ingakhula ezimweni ezimbi zemvelo.
Izindawo Zokukhiqiza i-Tilapia eNingizimu Afrika
Nakuba izinga lokushisa kwamanzi afudumele kulo lonke unyaka omuhle, ukukhiqizwa kwe-tilapia ephakeme yamazwe afana ne-Egypt (lapho kunezigidi ezingaphezu kuka-750 000 ezikhiqizwa minyaka yonke) kubonisa ukuthi izindawo zaseNingizimu Afrika nazo zilungele isiko samanzi echibini se-tilapia. IGibhithe, ngokushisa kwayo okuseMedithera epholile, inezinga lokushisa kwamanzi elingaphansi kwama-10℃.Kukhona izingxenye eziningi eNingizimu-mpumalanga yeNorth West Lowveld (esifundazweni saseLimpopo kanye neKhotho yase-Incomati yeSifundazwe saseMpumalanga) kanye nasesifundazweni sangasenyakatho sakwaNyakatho-Natali esinamazinga okushisa kwamanzi asebusika angaphezu kuka-150℃, okwenza kube kuhle kumasiko we-tilapia yangaphandle.
Uhlelo lwamaChibi okondla i-Tilapia
Iningi lokulima kwe-tilapia e-China, e-Indonesia, ePhilippines, eBangladesh, e-Israel naseGibhithe lwenziwa emachibini amanzi aluhlaza.'Ukutshala' kwamachibi amanzi aluhlaza ukufaka isilwane noma umanyolo wamakhemikhali emanzini ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezinhlanzi zemvelo - izinto ezinjengama-daphnia, ama-cyclops kanye nama-algaes inhlanzi. Amanzi ahamba eluhlaza ngesikhathi senqubo.
Emanzini amanzi aluhlaza 'asetshenziselwe', ukusetshenziselwa ukudla okufakelwayo okusetshenziselwa ukudla okusetshenzisiwe kuyasetshenziswa. Uhlelo lwamachibi amanzi aluhlaza, kunciphisa izindleko zokudla ngokukhuthaza ukudla okunengi kwemvelo emanzini. Lezi zimachibi kumele zibe mkhulu kakhulu ukugcina ikhwalithi yamanzi enhle, ubukhulu obungenani u-0.25 ha (isb. 50 m x 50 m).
Wonke ama-tilpia fingerlings akhethwe ngokukhetha futhi wonke amadoda-awenqabela, avimbela isikhathi esiphezulu sabantu emanzini. Uhlelo lwama-1960 lwamazibi amancane, ahlanzekile amanzi, ngokusebenzisa iminwe yocansi ehlanganisiwe yokhokho engaziwa sekuye kwachazwa njengento engelutho.
Ukuvuselela Kabusha Izinhlelo zeTilapia
Ukuvuselela kabusha uhlelo lwe-aquaculture (RAS) lwe-tilapia ukulima kuvivinywa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasemizaneni. Kodwa-ke, uhlelo lwe-RAS amandla nekhono elidinga futhi libhekene nesimo sokudinga ukudla okufakelwayo. ENingizimu Afrika, ukondla kwe-tilapia kubiza kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe afana neZambia. Ngendlela yokuguqulwa kokudla (FCR) yezingu-1: 1.5 ezinkampanini ezinhle, usebenzisa isibonelo se-tilapia feed ku-R12/kg, izindleko zokudla zodwa zingafinyelela ku-R18/kg nakwi-RAS eveza kakhulu.Lezi zinsuku, amakhono nezindleko zenza ukuthi i-RAS ikwazi ukubhekana nomnotho.
Ehlanganiswe nezindleko eziphezulu zamandla nezisebenzi, izindleko zokukhulisa i-tilapia kulezi zinhlelo zingadlula intengo yemakethe ye-tilapia inyama ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ngenkathi i-RAS inenzuzo yokulawula ikhwalithi yamanzi kumele yamukeleke ukuthi izingozi zokuhluleka kwesistimu ziphakeme, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwesitokisi. Izinqubo ezinjalo zixhomeke ku-24/7, zidinga ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi okuzenzekelayo okuzenzekelayo kanye nezinga eliphakeme lamakhono ezobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusengakapheli ngokwezomnotho.
Translated by Nsika Khoza