Ihlabathi ayisiwo ama-particles wamatje aphukileko kwaphela. Ihlabathi isakhiwo esirareneko esilikhaya lemirabho yeentjalo nama-microorganisms. Iyilabhrari yamakhemikhali kunye nekambiso yebhayiloji begodu ilibhoduluko elinomthelela epilweni nekukhuleni kweentjalo.
Ama-microorganisms - imilwana, i-fungi kunye ne-protozoa - zidlala indima ekulu khulu ekambisweni etjengisa ukukhula eentjalweni. Azikhuphi ama-esidi kwaphela anikela amaminerali eentjalweni njengokudla kodwana zibuye zinikele i-nitrogen fixation, zihlukanise i-organic matter kunye ne-nutrient cycling.
Emahlelweni amanengi asebenza kuhle kwezelimo, kuqalisiswa khulu ukunikela ihlabathi ama-microbes, kunokobana kuqalisiswe khulu ukunikela isitjalo ukudla.
Khuyini Ama-Microorganisms?
Ama-mocrobes, njengoba amuhlobo wokuthoma wepilo ephasini, enza bona ipilo irhone ukuba khona ngokukhiqiza umoya begodu aqakathekile emahlelweni amanye amanengi.
Ama-microorganisms ahlukaniswe ngeenqhema ezithathu: ama-parasites, ama-saprophytes, kunye ne-symbiotic microorganisms. Ama-parasites adla iintjalo eziphilako neenlwane begodu abanga amalwelwe kunye nokubola. I-Saprophytes ibolisa umetheriyali weentjalo ezifikeleko ukukhipha ama-nutrients nokubumba i-humus. I-Symbiotic microorganisms iphila enzuzweni efanako neyesitjalo. Isibonelo imilwana etholakala kuma-nodes ku-legumes efana nama-clovers. Imilwana lena elungisa i-nitrogen ihlanganisa i-nitrogen kusukela emoyeni ngendlela isitjalo engarhona ngayo ukuyimunya.
Ama-Microorganisms Asebenza Njani?
Ama-microbes asebenza ngendlela ye-food chain erareneko. I-Food chain yindlela yokusebenza elamanako lapho imiphumela yendlela yokusebenza yinye isetjenziswa njengomthombo wesibaseli sendlela yokusebenza elandelako. Ngokufitjhani, ama-miroorganisms ayasebenzisana ekukhiqiza umthombo wokudla.
Kuthoma ngama-organic matter angakasetjenzwa afana namakari abizwa nge-‘detritus’ begodu umsebenzisipahla wokuthoma odla wona ubizwa nge-‘detrivores’. Ama-detrivores afakaphakathi iinunwana ezidla iingodo, imizoka kunye nezinye iinunwana, ngokurhelejwa ma-fungi kunye nemilwana. Abasebenzisipahla besibili ma-nematodes, ama-snails, i-slug, ama-aphids kunye neempukani. Ubulwembu buhlala phezulu emelerheni wehlabathi lapho athola khona ilanga. Ubulwembu buqakathekile ngonobangela werhono lawo lokulungisa i-nitrogen emoyeni wehlabathini.
I-soil fungi ikhulisa izakhiwo ezide ezikulu ezifana nerhara ezibizwa nge-mycelium. I-mycelium imunya ama-nutrients, ivikele imirabho eentjhabalalisini kunye nama-pathogens beli-colonise imirabho yesitjalo ukurhelebha isitjalo bona sithole ama-nutrients afanana ne-phosphorus kusukela ehlabathini. Ama-fungi azimbolisi eziqakathekileko ezizele i-carbon ezisalela eengodweni kufana neencezwana zeengodo. I-Aspergillus ne-Penicillium ziimbonelo ezimbili zama-fungi azibiliselako. Zikhiqiza ama-antimicrobial substances kunye nama-synthesise amino esidi, abumba amablogo wezakha mzimba.
Ama-yeasts asehlabathini akhiqiza ama-hormones nama-enzymes adingekako kuma-cell division nekukhuleni kwemirabho. Ama-yeasts secretions abumba ama-substrate wama-actinomycetes kunye nemilwana ye-lactic acid.
Ama-Actinomycetes milwana ebumba iswazana lokuzwa, umsebenzi wawo kubolisaa amametheriyali weengodo aqinileko nama-molecules arareneko ehlabathini esilaphazekileko begodu abuye arhelebhe ngokubumba i-humus. Asebenza ukukhupha umnuko onjengehlabathi ohlukileko ehlabathini ehlawuliweko.
Imilwana esehlabathini kanengi yakha ipilo enengi ehlabathini begodu ngiyo eyenza bona kube ne-sulphur ne-nitrogen. I-lactic acid bacteria ikhiqiza ama-organic esidi ukuqeda ama-pathogens afana ne-Fusarium kunye ne-nematodes.
Angezelelwa Bunjani Ama-Microbes Ehlabathini?
Iifundo ziveze bona ama-microbes wenani eliphezulu asehlabathini a-organic kunalayo asemahlelweni we-conventional farming. Ama-microbes wehlabathi ngalokho, anomthelela eendleleni ekulinywa ngazo ezifana ne-no tillage, ukutjalwa kwama-cover crops kunye nokutjhintjhwatjhinthwa kwendawo yokutjala.
Ngezelela i-organic matter yehlabathi ngokufaka ivundela, umanyoro, amakari, iinthelo kunye nemirorho emotjhakeleko nofana faka umvango wama-microorganisms ehlabathini. ‘Ama-microorganisms asebenza kuhle’ abizwa nge-EM enziwa e-Japan ngabo 1970s njengama-inoculants ukungezelela ama-microbial ahlukahlukeneko ku-ecosystem yehlabathi nokwenza ncono ukusetjenziswa kwe-organic matter ehlabathini. Kumuvango wama-microbes wehlabathi anenzuzo ukwenza ncono ikhwalithi yehlabathi, ukukhula nesivuno seentjalo begodu afufuzelwa ehlabathini, eentjalweni kunye nemanyorweni nakezinye iindawo lapho ekuhlala khona ifuyo.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana