Umhlaba awuyo mvuthuluka nje yamatye aqhumkileyo. Umhlaba ulikhaya kwiingcambu zezityalo kunye nee microorganisms. Uyi labhoretri yee khemikhali kunye nezinto ezinegalelo kwimpilo nokukhula kwesi tyalo.
iiMicroorganism - intsholongwane, ukungunda kunye ne protozoa - ezise mhlabeni zidlala indima enkulu kwindlela isityalo esikhula ngayo. Azikhuphi nje kuphela iiasidi ezenza kubekho iiminerali njengokutya kwezityalo, kodwa zikwenza ne nitrogen fixation, ukucoleka kwezinongo zendalo kunye ne phinda kusetyenziswe izinongo.
Kubuchule obuninzi bezolimo obu phumelelayo, kujoliswa kakhulu ekondleni iimicrobes zomhlaba, kunokondla isityalo.
Ziintoni iiMicroorganism?
iiMicroorganism, njenge ndalo yokuqala yobomi emhlabeni, yenza kubekho ubomi ngokuvelisa umoya esiquphefumlayo-oxygen, kwaye zibalulekile nokwenza ezinye izinto ezininzi.
iiMicroorganism zohlulwa hlulwe ngokwamaqela amathathu: parasites, saprophytes kwakunye ne symbiotic microorganisms. iiParasite zitya izilwanyana kunye nezityalo eziphilayo kwaye zibangela izifo nokubola. iiSaprophytes zona zibolisa izityalo ezifileyo ukuze kuphume izinongo ezenza ihumus. Symbiotic microorganisms kunye ne zityalo zifumana inzuzo ngobukho benye. Umzekelo yintsholongwane efumaneka kumagaqa ezityalo ezifana nee clover. Le ntsholongwane ilungisa nitrogen zidibanisa initrogen esemoyeni ngendlela apho isityalo sinokukwazi ukuyifunxa.
Zisebenza Kanjani iiMicroorganism?
Iimicrobes zomhlaba zisebenza oku komtyhutyhumezo wokutya (food chain). Lo mtyhuthumezo usebenza ngokuhambelana, nalapho into nganye ityiwa yenye, ze yona ityiwe yenye nayo leyo ityiwe yenye njalo njalo. Ngamafutshane, iimicroorgasm zixhomekeke enye kwenye ukuze zivelise ukutya. Iqala ngezinto ezikrwada zendalo ezifana namagqabi abizwa nge ‘detritus’ ze izinto zokuqala ezitya la magqabi zibizwa nge ‘detrivores’. iiDetrivores ziquka iintwala zomthi, imisundululu kunye noo qongqothwane, zincediswa ke nakukungunda kunye nentsholongwane.
Izindo zesibini ezizityayo ke zii nematodes, iinyekevu, i-aphids kunye neempukane. I-algae ihlala kumhlaba ongaphezulu nalapho ikwaziyo ukufumana ukukhanya kwelanga. I-algae ibalulekele ukukwazi kwayo ukulungisa umoya we nitrogen emhlabeni.
Ukungunda komhlaba kukhula kube ngathi ziintambo okanye iihrali eziye zibizwe nge mycelium. I-mycelium ifunxa izinongo, ikhusele iingcambu ize ihlale kuzo ukunceda isityalo ukuba sifumane izinongo ezifana ne phosphorus emhlabeni. Ukungunda kusi sibolisi esibalulekileyo ingakumbi kwintsalela zemithi ezizele yi carbon. I-Aspergillus kunye ne Penicillium yimizekelo emibini yokungunda okuvelisa ii antimicrobial ize igube ne amino acid zibe ngumoya, neziye zibe sisisekelo se proteni.
Iyisti esemhlabeni ivelisa iihomoni kunye nee enzymes ezidingekayo ekwahluleni iicell kunye nokukhua kweengcambu. Iyisti ikhupha izinto ezenza actinomycetes kunye nentsholongwane ye lactic acid.
I-Actinomycetes ziintsholongwane ezidala imitya, zizo ezibangela ukubola kwezinto ezomeleleyo ezifana nemithi kunye nezinye iimolecule ezomeleleyo kwimihlaba engcolileyo. Ikwanceda nasekudalekeni kwe humus. Zizo ezibangela elavumba likhethekileyo lomhlaba ofumileyo osandula kuhlakulwa.
Iintsholongwane emhlabeni zivamise ukuba zezona zinto zininzi ziphilayo emhlabeni kwaye zizo ezibangela kubekho isulphur kunye ne nitrogen. Intsholongwane ye lactic acid ivelisa. Ii-organic acids ezixinzelela iipathogens ezifana ne Fusarium kunye ne nematodes.
Indlela yoKwandisa iiMicrobes zoMhlaba?
Uphando lubonise iiimicrobe ezininzi kwindlela zolimo zendalo ezingenazi khemikhali kunezo zisetyenziswa kule mihla. Ngoko ke iimicrobe zomhlaba ziphuhla kakhulu kwiindawo apho imihlaba ingavunguzwa/ ingaphethulwa khona (tillage), ukutyalwa kwezityalo zokugquma kunye nokutshintshwa tshintshwa kwezityalo.
Yandisa izinongo zendalo emhlabeni ngokuthi ugalele umgquba, imanyolo, amagqabi, imvuthuluka yeziqhamo kunye neyemifuno okanye ugalele umxube wee microorganism emhlabeni. iiMicroorganism ezisebenza kakuhle ezibizwa nge Effective Microorganisms nezikwabizwa nge EM zaqala ukuveliswa kwilizwe lase Japan kwiminyaka yoo 1970 ukuze zandise izinambuzane/iintsholongwane nezinongo ezifumaneka emhlabeni. Ezi microorganism zingumxube wee microbes zomhlaba eziluncedo ekuphuculeni umgangatho womhlaba, ukukhula, kunye nesivuno sezityalo. Ziye zitshizwe emhlabeni, kwizityalo kunye nakwi manyolo nakwindawo apho kugcinwa khona imfuyo.
Translated by Zizipho Silwana