Misava yitlula swiphemu leswi tshovelekeke kusuka eka ribye. Misava i xivumbeko lexinga twisisekiki lexi kunga kaya ra timintsu ta swimilani xikan’we nati microorganisms. Leswi i laboratory yati khemikhali na maendlelo ya mbango xikan’we na mbango lowu hlohletelaka rihanyu ra ximilani na kukula.
Ti microorganisms - ti bacteria, fungi na protozoa - eka misava swina xiavee xikulu swinene eka maendlelo lawa ya kurisaka ximilani. Leswi aswi humesi ntsena ti acid leti endlaka ti minerali leti kumekaka tani hi swakudya swa ximilani kambe titlhela tiva na vutihlamuleri bya ndzulamiso wa nitrogen, ku fayeleriwa ka organic matter xikan’we naku hangalasiwa ka swakudya.
Eka tindlela totala ta vurimi leti kotekaka, kulangutiwe ngopfu eka mphamelo wati microbes ta misava, kutlula ku phamela ximilani.
Xana I Yini Ti Microorganisms?
Ti microorganisms, tani hi xivumbeko xosungula xa vutomi e misaveni, xi endle leswaku vutomi byiva kona hikokwalaho ka kuhumelerisiwa ka oxygen naswona yina nkoka eka maendlelo yotala.
Ti microorganisms ti avanyisiwile hi mintlawa yinharhu: ti parasites, saprophytes, nati symbiotic microorganisms. Ti parasites tidya swimilani leswi hanyaka naswona swinga vanga mavabyi kumbe ku bola. Saprophytes ti borisa swimilani leswinga fa kuva swihumesa swakudya xikan’we naku endla humus. Ti symbiotic microorganisms ti hanya hiku vuyerisana na swimilani. Xikombiso i ti bacteria leti kumekaka eka ti nodes tati legumes kufana nati clovers. Ti bacteria leti ti lulamisaka nitrogen ti khoma nitrogen exibakabakeni hi xivumbeko xa ximilani lexinga tswongaka.
Xana Ti Microorganisms Titirha Njhani?
Ti microbes ta misava titirha hindlela yo hlamarisa swinene ya swakudya. Ndlela ya swakudya i nongonoko wa maendlelo lowu mbuyelo wa maendlelo yan’we kunga lowu tirhisiwaka tani hi lowu humelerisaka mafurha ya maendlelo lawa landzelaka. Hiku komisa, ti microorganisms ti pfunana ku humelerisa swakudya.
Swisungula hi raw organic matter kufana na matluka leswi vuriwaka ‘detritus’ na leswi phameriwaka kusuka kona kunga ti ‘detrivores’. Detrivores tita katsa ti woodlice, tixikwa na swifufunhunu swati beetles, swipfunetiwa hiti fungi nati bacteria. Swidyi swavumbirhi iti nematodes, tihumba, slug, aphids na tinhongani. Algae yi hanya eka leyara yale henhla ya misava laha yinga kotaka ku fikelela miseve ya dyambu. Algae yina nkoka eka vuswikoti bya yona yo lulamisa nitrogen ya xibakabaka eka misava.
Fungi ya misava yimila swinene yi leha hi xivumbeko naswona yi vuriwa mycelium. Ti mycelium ti tswonga swakudya, ti sirhelela timintsu kusuka eka switsotswana nati pathogens naswona ti teka vundzhawu eka timintsu kupfuneta kukuma swakudya swotani hi phosphorus kusuka eka misava. Fungi i xiborisi xa nkoka swinene xa masalela ya timhandzi lexinga fuwa hi carbon kufana nati wood chips. Aspergillus na Penicillium i swikombiso swimbirhi swa fermenting fungi. Ti humelerisa ti antimicrobial substances kutani ti endla leswi vange iku synthesise ti amino acids, leswi endlaka leswi akaka ti proteins.
Xivirisi eka misava xihumelerisa ti hormones nati enzymes leti lavekaka ku ava ti cell eka kukula ka timintsu. Kuhumesiwa ka swivirisi swi endla leswi vange iti actinomycetes na lactic acid bacteria.
Actinomycetes iti bacteria leti endlaka filament, leyinga yona yi endlaka leswaku timhandzi tibola naswona ti molecules letinga tivekiki ti thyaka emisaveni naswona ti pfuneta eka ku endliwa ka humus. Tina vutihlamuleri eka nuhelo lowu wohlawuleka wa misava loko yi rimiwile.
Ti bacteria eka misava hi xitalo ti endla nhlayo yale henhla ya vutomi eka misava naswona ti na vutihlamuleri swinene eka ku endliwa ka sulphur na nitrogen leswi kumekaka. Ti bacteria ta lactic acid tihumelerisa ti organic acids leti tshikelelaka ti pathogens tofana na Fusarium nati nematodes.
Ndlela Yo Engetelela Ti Microbes Ta Misava?
Vulavisisi byi kombe nhlayo yale henhla yati microbes ta misava eka marimelo ya organic kutlula ya ntolovelo. Ti microbes ta misava ti, hikokwalaho ka sweswo, ti hlohleteriwa hi marimelo kufana nakuva misava yinga pfuxetiwangi, ku byariwa ka swimilani swo engetelela xikan’we naku cinca cinca ka swimilani.
Engetelela organic matter ya misava hiku chela manyoro, matluka, mihandzu na masalela ya matsavu kumbe u engetelela mpfanganyiso wa ti microorganisms eka misava. ‘Effective Microorganisms’, leswi tlhelaka swivuriwa EM swi tumbulukile e Japan hi malembe yava 1970s tani hi swin’wana swo engetelela kuhambana ka ti microbes na ecosystem swa misava naswona swita antswisa kutirhisiwa ka organic matter eka misava. Inkatsakanyo wa ti microbes leti vuyerisaka ku antswisa khwalithi ya misava, swimilani xikan’we na hambi kuri manyoro eka tindzhawu leti ku hlayisiwaka swifuwo.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni