Inhlabathi ingaphezu kwezinhlayiya zamatshe aqhekekile. Inhlabathi yisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esiyikhaya lokutshala izimpande namagciwane amancane. Kuyinto ilabhorethri yezinqubo zamakhemikhali nezemvelo kanye nemvelo ethonya impilo nokukhula kwezitshalo.
Ama-Microorganisms - amagciwane, isikhunta ne-protozoa - enhlabathini adlala ingxenye enkulu ezinqubekweni ezinquma ukukhula kwezitshalo. Ayigcini nje ngokufihla ama-asidi enza ukuthi amaminerali atholakale njengokudla kwezitshalo kodwa futhi anesibopho sokufakwa kwe-nitrogen, ukuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo nokubuyiswa kwamabhayisekili.
Ezinhlelweni eziningi ezizinzileyo zezolimo, kugxilwe ekondleni amagciwane omhlabathi, kunokuba wondle isitshalo.
Ayini Ama-Microorganisms?
Ama-Microorganisms, njengohlobo lokuqala lokuphila emhlabeni, enza impilo yenzeka ngokukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo futhi ibalulekile kwezinye izinqubo eziningi.
Ama-Microorganisms ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu: ama-parasites, ama-saprophytes, nama-microorganisms we-Symbiotic. Ama-parasites adla izitshalo eziphilayo nezilwane futhi abangela izifo nokubola.
Ama-Saprophytes abola impahla yesitshalo efile ukukhipha izakhamzimba bese enza i-humus. Ama-microorganisms ama-Symbiotic ahlala ngokuzuzisana kwezitshalo. Isibonelo amagciwane atholakala kuma-node kuma-legumes anjenge-clovers. Lamagciwane alungisa i-nitrogen abopha i-nitrogen evela emkhathini ngesimo isitshalo esingasisebenzisa.
Asebenza Kanjani Ama-Microorganisms?
Amagciwane omhlabathi asebenza emgqeni wokudla oyinkimbinkimbi. Uchungechunge lokudla luwukulandelana kwezinqubo lapho umphumela wenqubo eyodwa usetshenziswa njengomthombo wamafutha wenqubo elandelayo. Ngamafuphi, ama-microorganisms ancike komunye nomunye ukukhiqiza umthombo wokudla.
Iqala ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezifana namaqabunga abizwa ngokuthi i-'ritritus 'kanye nabathengi ababalulekile abakudlayo okubizwa ngokuthi yi-'detrivores'. Ama-detrivores azofaka i-Woodlice, i-Earthworms kanye namabhungane, asizwa isikhunta namagciwane. Abathengi besekondari bangama-nematode, iminenke, ama-slug, ama-aphid nezimpukane. I-Algae ihlala ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zenhlabathi lapho ingafinyelela khona ukukhanya kwelanga. I-Algae ibalulekile ngekhono lazo lokulungisa i-nitrogen esemkhathini emhlabathini.
Isikhunta senhlabathi sikhula inqwaba yezakhiwo ezinde ezinjengentambo ebizwa ngokuthi i-mycelium. I-Mycelium ibamba umsoco, ivikela izimpande kwizilokazane nezinambuzane futhi izimpande zezitshalo ukusiza isitshalo ukuthi sithole izakhi zomzimba ezinjenge phosphorus emhlabathini. Isikhunta singukudonswa okubalulekile kwezinsalela ezinokhuni ezinamakhabhoni ezinjengamapulangwe ezinkuni. I-Aspergillus nePenicillium yizibonelo ezimbili zesikhunta esivuthayo. Bakhiqiza izinto ezibulala amagciwane kanye nama-synthesise amino acid, akha amabhlokhi wokwakha amaprotheni.
Ama-yegg emhlabathini akhiqiza ama-hormone nama-enzyme adingekayo ekuhlukaniseni amaseli nokukhula kwezimpande. Ama-Yions secretions akha i-substrate yama-actinomycetes nama-lactic acid bacteria.
Ama-Actinomycetes ngamagciwane akha i-filament, abhekene nokubola izinto ezinzima zokhuni kanye nama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi enhlabathini engcolisiwe futhi asiza ekwakheni i-humus. Banesibopho sephunga elingafani lomhlaba olinyiwe.
Amagciwane asemhlabathini avame ukudala isisindo esikhulu kakhulu sokuphila emhlabathini futhi anesibopho sokwenza isibabule ne-nitrogen kutholakale. Ama-bacterium e-lactic acid akhiqiza ama-organic acindezela ama-pathogen anjengeFusarium kanye nematode.
Ungayikhulisa Kanjani I-Microbes Yenhlabathi?
Ucwaningo lukhombise inani eliphakeme lomhlabathi eliphakeme kumakhemikhali e-organic kunezinqubo ezijwayelekile zokulima. Ngakho-ke, amagciwane omhlabathi athonywa yimikhuba yokulima efana nokungalimi, ukutshala izilimo ezimbozayo nokujikeleza kwezitshalo.
Khulisa umanyolo odalwa ngokufaka umquba, umquba, amaqabunga, izithelo nemfucuza yemifino noma engeza ingxube yamagciwane amancane enhlabathini. 'I-Microorganisms esebenzayo', ebizwa nangokuthi i-EM yathuthukiswa eJapan ngeminyaka yo-1970 njengezithiyo zokungezelela ukwehlukahluka kwamagciwane omhlaba futhi kungathuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabathini. Ingxube yamagciwane omhlaba anenzuzo ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yenhlabathi, ukukhula nokukhiqiza kwezitshalo futhi kufafazwe emhlabathini, ezitshalweni kanye nomquba kanye nasezindaweni lapho kugcinwa khona imfuyo.
Translated by Nsika Khoza