Ukuvutshelwa inqubo lapho izidalwa ezincane eziguqula izitashi (ama-carbohydrate) noshukela zibe yimikhiqizo efana notshwala (amawayini) nama-asidi afana ne-lactic acid (ushizi) ne-carbon dioxide (ubhiya).
Ukuvutshelwa njengethuluzi lokuguqula ukudla lisetshenziselwa ukuguqula ukunambitheka kwemikhiqizo (isb. ukusuka kwijusi yamagilebhisi iye ewayinini), ukulondoloza izinto zokusetshenziswa (isb. Iklabishi elenziwe u-sauerkraut ne-kimchi) kanye nokwenza ukudla okusha (isb. I-monosodium glutamate - MSG).
Kuyini Ukuvutshelwa
Ukuvutshelwa inqubo lapho ushukela okhona ekudleni noma okuluhlaza okwaphulwa yizinhlobonhlobo zamagciwane. Inqubo yokuvutshelwa, yakha izinto efana ne-carbon dioxide, glycerol, acetone kanye notshwala.
Ukuvutshelwa kungaqalwa isikhunta, ngama-bacteria, imvubelo noma ama-enzyme futhi nenhlobo ehambisana nemikhiqizo lucike ekutheni umzimba waqala yiphi inqubo. Isibonelo, kwakhiwa i-monosodium glutamate (MSG) lapho kubandakanyeka amagciwane, amavithamini B2 no-B12 kusuka ekvutshelweni kobumba notshwala ne-carbon dioxide kwenziwa ngemuva kokufakwa kwemvubelo.
Ukuvutshelwa kwenzeka lapho kungekho umoya-mpilo futhi, ngakho-ke ibukwa njengenqubo ye-anaerobic.
Izinhlobo Zokuvutshelwa
Ukuvutshelwa kuhlukaniswa ngohlobo lwama-microorganism ahilelekile, ama-Byproducts akhiqizwayo (isb. Ethanol, i-lactic acid, i-carbon dioxide) nokudla okubilisiwe - inyama, inhlanzi, ubisi, imifino, ama-legumes ananjengesoya kanye nosanhlamvu nezithelo.
Izinhlobo ezintathu zokubila zixoxwa kafushane:
Olunye uhlobo lokuvutshelwa i-lactic acid Fermentation.
Ama-Starches noma ushukela aguqulwa abe yi-lactic acid ngomsebenzi we-yeast namagciwane. Ngesikhathi salolu hlobo lokudla okuvutshiwe enjenge-yoghurt, isinkwa esine-sourdough, i-sauerkraut ne-kimchi kudaliwe. (I-Kimchi isitsha esidabukisayo sendabuko yaseKorea eyenziwe iklabishi elibilisiwe, upelepele obomvu, ugalikhi, i-ginger njll abantu abampofu.)
Olunye uhlobo lokuvutshelwa ukufakwa kotshwala.
Ngesikhathi sokudonswa kotshwala noma ushukela kuguqulwa kube yi-ethanol ne-carbon dioxide ngama-yeast. Izibonelo zemikhiqizo yiwayini nobhiya.
Uhlobo lwesithathu lokuvutshelwa i-Acetic acid Fermentation.
Okusanhlamvu nezithelo kuyabiliswa ukwakha amaviniga kanye ne-kombucha - isiphuzo setiye esibilisiwe.
Izinzuzo Zokuvutshelwa
Imikhiqizo enensimbi kuvame ukuyiqonda kalula kunokwangempela koqobo futhi iqongelele ezinye izinzuzo ezinjenge-enzymes yokuqinisa izivikeli mzimba, ama-probiotic ('amasiko aphilayo') nezakhi ezinjengevithamini C, i-iron ne-zinc kwinqubo yokuvutshelwa.
Ukuvuvukala kungabuye kunciphise noma kuqede izinto eziyingozi njenge-'anti-izakhi' phytic acid. I-Phytic acid ibopha izakhamzimba ezifana ne-calcium, i-magnesium, i-zinc nensimbi okusanhlamvu nobhontshisi. Ezinhlelweni ze-enzymatic ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa, i-phytic acid iphulwe phansi bese kuthi lezi zidlozi zikhululwe bese zitholakala ukuze umzimba uzibambe.
Imikhiqizo Evutshelwe
Utshwala newayini kuyimikhiqizo eyaziwayo ebilisiwe eyenziwe ukuvutshelwa koshukela ngemvubelo. Kubhiya, imiphumela yokuvutshelwa ibonakala njengogwebu (noma ikhanda likabhiya) futhi kuzo zombili iziphuzo, utshwala bunikeza enye inzuzo.
Isobho le-soya kanye nokunameka kwe-miso kwenziwa ngo-soya obilisayo, okusanhlamvu kakolweni, amanzi nosawoti.
I-Monosodium glutamate (MSG) ikhiqizwa ngezinto ezibilayo ezinjengama-beet ashukela, umoba noma umoyilo.
Eminye imikhiqizo ebilisiwe ifaka i-salami, iminqumo, ushizi, uviniga, i-tempeh (umkhiqizo we-soy wase-Indonesia) kanye ne-natto (ukudla okunamathelayo kwaseJapan okunamathele okwenziwe ngo-soya).
Akusikho konke ukudla okuvutshelwe okuqukethe okuphilayo. Ukudla okunye kuqhutshekwa kusetshenzwe futhi ngenkathi kwenziwa izinqubo ezinjengo-pasteurisation, ukubhaka noma ukubhema, amagciwane asazobulawa. Izibonelo usobho we-soy, ubhiya newayini kanye noshokoledi noshizi.
Ukuvutshelwa nakho kusetshenziswa ngenkathi kwenziwa itiye, i-whiskey, i-vodka njll.
Translated by Nsika Khoza