Ku virisa I maendlelo lawa ti micro-organisms ti cincaka starch (carbohydrates) xikan’we na chukele swihundzuka switirhisiwa swofana na xihoko (wines) nati acids tofana na lactic acid (cheese) na carbon dioxide (beer).
Ku virisa tani hi ndlela yaku lawuriwa ka maendlelo ya swakudya I ndlela leyi tirhisiwaka ku cinca nantswo wa swakudya (e.g. kusuka eka juzi ya madiriva ku endla wayeni), ku hlayisiwa kati raw materials (e.g. khavichi yi endla sauerkraut na kimchi) xikan’we naku endla swakudya swintshwa (e.g. monosodium glutamate - MSG).
Xana ku Virisa Iyini?
Ku virisa I maendlelo laha chukele (glucose) eka swakudya kumbe switirhisiwa leswinga se endliwaka nchumu swi fayeleriwaka hiti microbes to hambana hambana. Eka maendlelo lawa yo virisa, leswi humaka swofana na carbon dioxide, glycerol, acetone na xihoko swa endleka.
Ku virisa swinga sunguriwa hiti moulds, bacteria, yeasts kumbe ti enzymes xikan’we na muxaka wa leswi humelerisiwaka kuya hiku hitihi ti organism leti sunguleke maendlelo lawa. Xikombiso, monosodium glutamate (MSG) yivumbeka loko ti bacteria ti khumbheka, vitamins B2 na B12 ti endla kuvila hi mould kutani xihoko na carbon dioxide swa vumbeka endzhaku kaloko yeast yi virile.
Ku vila swivakona loko ku pfumaleka oxygen naswona swi, hi xitalo, kuva na maendlelo ya anaerobic.
Tinxaka to Virisa?
Ku virisa swina mintlawa yokarhi kuya hi muxaka wati micro-organism leti khumbhekaka, leswi humelerisiwaka (e.g. ethanol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide) xikan’we na swakudya leswi virisiwaka - nyama, hlampfi, masi, matsavu, ti legumes to fana nati soybeans xikan’we nati grains na mihandzu.
Tinxaka tinharhu to virisa ta hlamuseriwa hiku komisa:
Muxaka wun’wana wo virisa i lactic acid fermentation.
Starch kumbe chukele ri cinciwa riva lactic acid hinkarhi lowu ku hlanganaka yeasts nati bacteria. Hinkarhi lowu wo virisa swakudya swofana na yoghurt, sourdough bread, sauerkraut na kimchi swa endliwa. (Kimchi i swakudya swa ndzhavuko leswi bavaka swale Korea leswi endliwaka hi khavichi leyi virisiweke, mapa ya red pepper powder, garlic, ginger etc. eka vaaki lavanga swela).
Muxaka wun’wana waku virisa iwaku virisa byalwa.
Loko ku virisiwa byalwa starch kumbe chukele ri cinciwa riva ethanol na carbon dioxide hi xivirisi xa yeast. Xikombiso I wayeni na biya.
Ku virisa ka vunharhu hiloku vange i acetic acid fermentation.
Laha ku virisiwa ti grains na mihandzu leswaku swita endla ti vinegar na kombucha – leyi kunga tiya leyi virisiweke.
Mbuyelo Waku Virisa
Switirhisiwa leswi virisiweke hi xitalo swa olova kuswi gayela kutlula loko swiri eka xivumbeko xa swona xa ntumbuluko naswona swikuma mbuyelo wun’wana nakambe wofana nati enzymes leti tiyisaka masocha ya miri, probiotics (‘live cultures’) na swakudya swofana na vitamin C, iron na zinc hinkarhi lowu waku virisa.
Ku virisa swinga tlhela swinga tlhela swihunguta kumbe kususa swilo leswinga vavisaka swofana leswingariki swakudya swotani hi phytic acid. Phytic acid yikhomanisa swakudya swofana na calcium, magnesium, zinc na iron eka ti grains nati nyawa. Eka maendlelo ya enzymatic loko ku virisiwa, phytic acid yi fayeleleka naswona swakudya leswi swihumeseriwa ehandle kutani swiva kona kuva swi tswongiwa hi miri.
Switirhisiwa Leswi Vileke
Biya na wayeni I swin’wani swivirisiwa leswi tivekaka swinene leswi virisiweke hi chukele rati yeasts. Eka biya, mbuyelo waku virisiwa wuvonakala hi xivumbeko xa khuvi naswona eka swin’wiwa leswi hi vumbirhi, xihoko xi nyikela hi mbuyelo wo engetelela.
Soy sauce na miso paste swi endliwa hiku virisiwa kati soybeans, wheat grain, mati na munyu.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) yi humelerisiwa hiku virisiwa ka swilo swofana nati sugar beets, mova na molasses.
Swin’wana swa switirhisiwa leswi virisiweke swikatsa salami, olives, cheese, vinegar, tempeh (an Indonesian soy product) na natto (a sticky pungent Japanese food made from soybeans).
Ahi swakudya hinkwaswo leswi virisiweke leswingana mindzhavuko leyi hanyaka. Swakudya swin’wana swiya emahlweni swilulamisiwa naswona eka maendlelo yofana na pasteurisation, ku baka kumbe ku cheriwa musi, ti microbes ta dlawa. Swikombiso swa soy sauce, biya na wayeni xikan’we na chocolate na sourdough bread.
Ku virisiwa switlhela switirhisiwa eka vuhumelerisi bya tiya, whisky, vodka etc.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni