Ukuvundisa luhlelo apho kujikwa isitatshi (iikhabhohayidrethi) kunye nee swekile zibe ziimveliso ezifana notywala (isiselo somdiliya omfaxangiweyo) kunye nee asidi ezifana ne lactic asidi (isonka samasi) kwakunye ne carbon dioxide (ibhiya).
Ukuvundisa njengendlela elawulwayo sisixhobo sokulungisa ukutya, kusetyenziswa ukutshintsha incasa kwimveliso (umzekelo, ukutshintsha isiselo somdiliya, ibesisiselo somdiliya omfaxangiweyo esinxilisayo, iwayini), ukugcina iimveliso (umzekelo, ikhaphetshu yenziwe isauerkraut ne kimchi) nokwenza ukutya okutsha (umzekelo, monosodium glumate-MSG).
Yintoni Ukuvundisa
Ukuvundisa luhlelo apho iswekile (iglukhosi) ekutyeni okanye okuhlaza kuthi kuqhekezwe ziintsholongwane ezisempilweni ezahlukileyo. Kuhlelo lokudidiyela, okufana nomoya i-carbon dioxide, glycerol, acetone kunye notywala ziyenziwa.
Ukuvundisa kungaqalwa ngokungunda, iintsholongwane, iyisti, okanye enzayimi kwaye uhlobo lwemveliso ngenxa yonke ixhomekeka okokuba yeyiphi kwezi zikhankanyiweyo ekuqalwe ngayo. Umzekelo, imonosodium glutamate (MSG) yenzeka xa intsholongwane ibandakanyiwe, uvitamin B2, no B12 ezisuka kukungunda okwenziwe kukuvundisa kunye notywala ne carbon dioxide zenzeka emveni kokuvundisa nge yisti.
Ukuvundisa kwenzeka xa umoya we oksigini (oxygen) ungekho, kwaye ibaluhlelo olungawudingiyo umoya we oxygen ukuze ikhule.
Iintlobo Zokuvundisa
Ukuvundisa kucalulwa ngokohlobo lwentsholongwane ebandakanyekayo, iimveliso ezivelisiweyo, (umzekelo, ethanol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide) kunye nokuvundiswa kokutya-inyama, intlanzi, ubisi, imifuno, iimbotyi, ezifana neze soya, kunye neengqolowa neziqhamo.
Iintlobo ezintathu zokuvundisa kuxoxwa ngazo gqaba-gqaba:
Olunye uhlobo lokuvundisa, kukuvundiswa kwe lactic asidi.
Izitatshi okanye iiswekile zijikwa zibeyi lactic asidi ngokusetyenziswa kwe yisti nentsholongwane. Ngexesha lokuvundisa ngoluhlobo, ukutya okufana ne yoghathi, isonka esimuncu, sauerkraut ne kimchi ziyenzeka (Kimchi kukutya okuqhwethayo kwase Korea okwenziwa nge khaphetshu evundisiweyo, ipepa ezibomvu, umgubo, ghalikhi, jinja njalo-njalo, kwenzelwa abo basentluphekweni).
Olunye uhlobo lokuvundisa, kukuvundisa ngotywala.
Ngexesha lokuvundisa ngotywala izitatshi okanye iiswekile ziyajikwa zibeyi ethanol ne cardon dioxide nge yisti. Imizekelo yeemveliso sisiselo somdiliya omfaxangiweyo ne bhiya.
Uhlobo lwesithathu lokuvundisa kukusebenzisa i-acetic asidi xa uvundisa.
Ingqolowa neziqhamo zivundiswa ukuze zenze iviniga ne kombucha - isiselo evundisiweyo se ti yokuphunga.
Inzuzo Yokuvundisa
Iimveliso ezivundisiweyo kubalula ukuzicola esiswini kunezo zingavundiswanga kwaye zifumana ezinye iinzuzo ezifana noko kukhusela komeleze umzimba, probiotic (‘okunikeza impilo okuphilayo’) kunye nezinongo ezifana no vitamin C, iron ne zinc kuhlelo lokuvundisa.
Ukuvundisa kungehlisa okanye kuphelise okutshabalalisayo okufana noko ‘kuchasene nezinongo’ okwaziwa ngokuba yi phytic acid. I-Phytic acid idibanisa izinongo ezifana ne khalisiyamu, magneziyamu, zinc ne iron kwingqolowa neembotyi. Kuhlelo lwe enzayimu ngexesha lokuvundisa, iphytic acid iyaphulwa kwaye ezizinongo ziyakhutshwa zenziwe zifumaneke ukuze umzimba uzifumane.
Iimveliso eZivundisiweyo
Isiselo sebhiya kunye neso mdiliya omfaxangiweyo zimveliso ezidumileyo ezivundisiweyo zeswekile nge yisti. Kwisiselo sebhiya, iziphumo zokuvundisa zibonakala njengo ‘gwebu’ (okanye intloko ye bhiya) kwaye kuzo zombini eziziselo, utywala bunikeza inzuzo eyongezelekileyo.
Isosi ye soy nentlama imiso zenziwa ngokuvundisa iimbotyi ze soya, umgubo wengqolowa, amanzi ne tyuwa. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) iveliswa ngokuvundiswa okufana neswekile ‘sugar beets’ iswekile yomoba okanye imolasses.
Ezinye iimveliso ezivundisiweyo ziquka isalami, olive, isonka samasi, iviniga, tempeh (imveliso ye soya yase Indonesia) ne natto (ukutya kwase Japan okuncangathi okunevumba okwenziwa ngembotyi ze soya).
Hayi konke ukutya okuvundisiweyo kune ‘live cultures’. Okunye ukutya kucolwa ngexesha lokulungiswa nokutshiswa, ukubhaka okanye ukuqhumisa, kubulala iintsholongwane. Imizekelo yi soy sosi, ibhiya nesiselo esimfaxangiweyo kunye tshokholethi nesonka esimuncu.
Ukudidiyela kusetyenziswa ngexesha lemveliso ye ti, isiselo igrangqa, (whisky, vodka) njalo njalo.
Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie