Ukubila yindlela yekambiso etjhugulula isitatjhi (ama-carbohydrates) kunye neswigiri iwenze eminye imikhiqizo efana nesidakamizwa (amawayini) kunye nama-esidi afana ne-lactic acid (itjhizi) kunye ne-carbon dioxide (ibhiya).
Ukubila njengoba kuyindlela yekambiso yokubulunga ukudla elawulwako kusetjenziselwa ukutjhugulula ukunambitheka kwemikhiqizo (e.g kusukela ejuzini yamadireyibe ukuya ewayinini), ukubulunga amametheriyali ahlaza (e.g ikhabitjhi eyenziwe i-sauerkraut kunye ne-kimchi) begodu nokwenza ukudla okutjha (e.g i-monosodium glutamate - MSG).
Khuyini Ukubila
Ukubila yikambiso yokwenza lapho iswigiri (glucose) esekudleni nofana kumametheriyali ahlaza ihlukaniswa phakathi ngokuya kokuhlukana kwama-microbes. Ekambisweni yokwenza yokubila, imikhiqizo yeminye imikhiqizo efana ne-carbon dioxide, i-glycerol, i-acetone kunye neendakamizwa kuyabumbeka.
Ukubila kungathonywa ziinkghoro, imilwana, isibiliso nofana ama-enzayimi begodu eminye imihlobo yemikhiqizo yeminye imikhiqizo ithembele ekutheni ngimaphi ama-organism athome ikambiso yokwenza ukubila. Isibonelo, i-monosodium glutamate (MSG) ibumbeka lokha imilwana nayikhona, ivithamini B2 kunye ne-B12 ezitholakala esibilisweni sesikghoro kunye nesesidakamizwa, begodu i-carbon dioxide iyabumbeka ngemva kokubila kwesibiliso.
Ukubila kwenzeka lokha nakungangeni umoya begodu, kunye nekambiso yokwenza ye-anaerobic.
Imihlobo Yeembilo
Iimbilo zihlukaniswa ngokuya kwemihlobo yama-microorganism akhona, imikhiqizo yeminye imikhiqizo ezokukhiqizwa (e.g. ethanol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide) kunye nokudla okuyokubiliselwa - inyama, ifesi, ibisi, imirorho, ama-legumes afana neembhontjisi zesoya kunye neenthoro neenthelo.
Imihlobo emithathu yeembiliselo iyahlathululwa kwancazana:
Umhlobo munye wesibiliselo yi-lactic acid fermentation.
Iintatjhi nofana iinswigiri ziyatjhuguluka zibe yi-lactic acid zenziwa ziimbiliseli kunye nemilwana. Ngesikhathi somhlobo lona wokubila ukudla okufana namayogadi, idiyerhe eswiri yoburotho, i-sauerkraut kunye ne-kimchi ziyabumbeka. (i-Kimchi kukudla okuneempaysi kwe-Korea okwenziwe ngekhabitjhi ebiliselweko, iphawuda yama-red pepper, igaligi, irhemere etc. inani labantu elitjhonisako).
Omunye umhlobo wesibiliselo kubilisela ngesidakamizwa.
Lokha nakubiliselwe ngesidakamizwa iintatjhi nofana iinswigiri ziyatjhuguluka zibe yi-ethanol nofana i-carbon dioxide ngeenbiliseli. Isibonelo semikhiqizo mawayini kunye nebhiya.
Umhlobo wesithathu wokubilisela kubilisela nge-acetic acid.
Iinthoro kunye neenthelo zibiliselelwa ukwenza iinviniga kunye ne-kombucha - okuyitiye eselwako ebiliselweko.
Iinzuzo Zokubilisela
Imikhiqizo ebiliselweko esikhathini esinengi kulula ukuyiginya kunaleyo yamametheriyali ahlaza begodu inezinye iinzuzo ezifana nama-enzayimu avuselela umzimba, ama-probiotics (‘live cultures’) kunye nezakhamzimba ezifana namavithamini C, i-iron kunye ne-zinc ezitholakala ekambisweni yokwenza yokubila.
Ukubila kungabuye kwehlise nofana kususe nezinto eziyingozi ezifana nama-‘anti-nutrient’ phytic acid. I-phytic acid ihlanganisa izakhamzimba ezifana ne-calcium, i-magnesium kunye ne-iron eziseenthorweni kunye neembontjisini. Ekambisweni yokwenza ye-enzymatic process lokha nakubilako, ama-phytic acid ahlukana phakathi besekuthi izakhamzimba iphume ukwenzela bona zikwazi ukusetjenziswa mzimba.
Imikhiqizo Ebiliselweko
Ibhiya newayini mikhiqizo eyaziwa khulu ebiliselwako eyenziwe ngokubiliselwa kweenswigiri zeembiliseli. Ebhiyeni, imiphumela yokubila kwalokho okubiliselweko ibonakala ngegwebu (nofana ihloko yebhiya) begodu kizo zombili iinselwezi, iindakamizwa zinikela iinzuzo ezingezelelweko.
Isosi yesoya kunye ne-miso paste zenziwe ngeembontjisi zesoya ezibiliselweko, iinthoro zeembontjisi, amanzi kunye netswayi. I-Monosodium glutamate (MSG) ikhiqizwa ngokubilisela amametheriyali afana nama-sugar beets, iswigiri yomoba kunye ne-molasses.
Eminye imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokuyibilisela ifaka hlangana i-salami, ama-olives, itjhizi, iviniga, i-tempeh (okumkhiqiza wesoya ye-Indonesia) kunye ne-natto (okukudla kwama-Japanesse okwenziwe ngeembontjisi zesoya).
Akusikho koke ukudla okubiliselweko okumumethe ama-live cultures. Okhunye ukudla ikambiso yokwenza yenziwe ukuragela phambili begodu lokha nakwenziwa ikambizo yokwenza efana neye-pasteurisation, ukubhaga nofana ukosa, kuzokubulala ama-microbes. Isibonelo ma-soy sauce, ibhiya kunye newayini amatjhokoledi nediyerhe eswiri yoburotho.
Ukubila kungasetjenziswa nalokha nakukhiqizwa iintiye, ama-whiskey, i-vodka etc.
Translated by Maletsatsi Sejake