Iimfuno Aquaculture Ezilalini

Imbali ye Aquaculture Yase Zilalini e-Afrika

Ngeminyaka yoo 1960, oomasipala bamazwe amaninzi ase Afrika bazama ukuphuhlisa ukufuywa kweentlanzi (aquaculture) ezilalini, ingakumbi iindidi ezifana ne tilapia. Ngelo xesha, ukuthengiswa kwe tilapia kwakungekaxhaphaki kakhulu, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwamachiza akhulisa msinya iintlanzi nokufuywa kweentlanzi zesini esinyi kwakungaziwa. Ukungaphanza kweenzame zokufuya kunye nezifundo ezafundwa koku kungaphumeleli kwakha isiseko sokwanda kokufuywa kwe tilapia kwiminyaka engama 25 edlulileyo, kwihlabathi lonke liphela.

Ukufika kwe Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) kwilizwe lase Indonesia ngethuba le le Mfazwe Yesibini yeHlabathi (Second World War), neyayiziswe luhlanga lwase Japan kwakhuthaza ukwanda kwale ntlobo yentlanzi. Ngelishwa, ukungalungi kwayo ncam kwakhawuleza kwaqapheleka.

Izizathu zokuba iMozambique tilapia ingalungi ziquka oku:
Ukucotha ukukhula
Ukuzala kakhulu
Ukumila komzimba okungekho okubi kunye nezihlunu ezingekho mgangathweni.
Ukungakwazi ncam ukumelana/ukulwa izifo

Kwiminyaka yoo 1980 uhlobo lwe O. niloticus (Nile tilapia) yaba kuphela kweyona ntlanzi isetyenziselwa intengiso. Inkqubo ye GIFT – neyindlela ekhethekileyo yokwandisa iintanzi nebizwa nge ‘Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia’ – yaqalwa kwilizwe lase Philippines yaze yaxhoma umgangatho wamantshontsho akumgangatho ophezulu, le ndlela yokufuya sele isetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela ngoku.

Iindlela Zokufuya iTilapia – Ukusetyenziswa kwe Kheyiji

iTilapia ingaveliselwa kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe kheyiji ephezu kwesiziba kuthandwa ukusetyenziswa kwii Lakes Kariba, Victoria kunye ne Volta, kwakunye nomlambo obizwa nge Nile River. Kodwa ke, itilapia ezikhuliselwa kwiikheyiji zixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kukutya okwenziweyo, nokuxabisa kakhulu. Umgangatho wamanzi kunye nemo yawo kufuneka ikhokelele ekubeni iintlanzi zikhula ngokukhawuleza ngethutyana nje elingephi. Oku kwenzela ukonga iindleko.
Ixabiso lokutya kwe tilapia linegalelo elikhulu kwiindleko zokufuywa kwe tilapia ezikwi kheyij. Le ndlela yokufuya ixabisa kakhulu kwaye ayikulungelanga ukusetyenziswa kwiingingqi ezise maphandleni okanye ezilalini.

Iindlela Zokufuya iTilapia - Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

RAS (re-circulating aquaculture systems) amaxesha amaninzi ibhengezwa njenge ndlela yokufuya eyeyona iphucukileyo. Umlinganiselo wamanzi asetyenziswayo awakho maninzi kwaye kulula nokuyilawula le indlela. Kodwa ke, obu buchule bokufuya busebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezise dolophini, nezikufutshane neemarike. Oku ke kubangela ukuba ubuchule be RAS buthande ukuxabisa kakhulu kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, nto leyo yenza ukuba bungakhuthazwa ncam. Maninzi amathuba elahleko yeentlanzi, ingakumbi kuba obu buchule buxhomekeke kakhulu kumandla ombane ngalo lonke ixesha. Oku ke kudinga ukuba kubekho ezinye iindlela zokuzisa umbane xa umbane ungeko. Zonke ke ezi zinto kuba nzima ukuba zifumaneke kwiindawo ezisezilalini/emaphandleni.

Iindlela Zokufuya iTilapia – Ichibi Elenzelwe Emhlabeni

Iingingqi ezise zilalini zivamise ukuba kude okanye zingabinawo umbane ngalo lonke ixesha. Ngoko ke ubuchule be aquaculture kufuneka bulungelaniswe namandla ombane akhoyo kunye nemigangatho yezakhono ekhoyo. eMzantsi Afrika, ezi ngingqi zivamise ukuba kwiindawo ezisezigingqini okanye kwiindawo apho kukho amanzi ngokwaneleyo. Zombini ezi zinto zibangele ukuba kube lula ukufuya iintlanzi echibini elenzelwe emhlabeni, ingakumbi ezohlobo lwe tilapia.

Amadama okunkcenkceshela, nangona engayilungelanga i-aquaculture, angaba ngumthombo olungileyo wokugcina amanzi ngobuninzi. La manzi angaba luncedo kumachibi ngaphambi kokuba kunkcenkceshelwe ngawo. Kucetyiswa ukuba iiprojekthi zokufuywa kwe tilapia zibekelwe kufuphi nala madama okanye ecaleni kweendawo zokunkcenkceshela.
Kulula ukuzifunda izakhono ezidingekayo ekufuyweni kweentlanzi echibini kwaye azidingi zixhobo zikumgangatho uxhomileyo nezakhono ezikangako kanje ngobuchule be RAS. Amachibi enzelwe emhlabeni alungele kanye iingingqi ezise zilalini, nalapho kungekho zakhono zingako okanye zingekhoyo kwaphela.

Translated by Zizipho Silwana