Xana i Yini Vulombe?

Vulombe bya damarhela naku nyanganya lebyi endliwaka hi tinyoxi (tinyoxi ta vulombe, tinyoxi ta muxaka wa bumble na letinga lumeki) xikan’we na na ti switsotswana swinwana na vusokoti. Byi tlhela byi tirhisiwa hi tinyoxi ta vulombe tani hi swakudya leswingana xinkwa xa tinyoxi (swakudya swa nkoka swa tinyoxi letintsongo) naswona himinkarhi leyi ku pfumalekaka swakudya. Byi tirhisiwe hi vanhu kutlula 8 000 wa malembe tani hi swakudya nakuva murhi.

Xana Vulombe byi Endliwa Njhani?

Vulombe byi endliwa hi nectar kusuka eka mabilomu, kuhumesiwa ka chukele hi switsotswani kumbe mati yonyanganya ya swimilani.
Tinyoxi tihaha emoyeni tirkarhi ti lava nectar kutani ti tlhelela e bakwini kuya tivisa letin’wana hilaha kunga kumekaka nectar kona.

Nectar yi hlengeletiwa hi tinyoxi leti tiyi hlayisaka ekhwirini ra tona. Kutani ti vuyela e bakwini, laha tifikaka ti hundzisela eka tinyoxi leti yi tirhisaka kumbe tinyoxi letinga enyangweni wa baku. Kutani nectar yitekiwa yiya eka swihlenge – hi xitalo yiva yiri ehenhla ka baku, ekule na nyoxi ya queen xikan’we na vana lava hanyaka ehansi ka baku.

Eka swihlenge, nectar yi cheriwa eka ti cells letingana matlhelo ya ntsevu. “Nkarhi hinkwawo ku tisiwa nectar yintshwa eka cell, tinyoxi ti chela ‘invertase’ leyinga enzyme leyi fayelelaka chukela (sucrose) kutani riva (blood sugar) na fructose (fruit sugar)”, ku hlamusela David Tarpy, loyi anga professor wa entomology e North Carolina State University.

Nectar yina kwalomu ka 70% wa mati, loko vulombe byingana kwalomu ka 17-18% ya mati. Se, kuva yifikelela xiyimo xaku damarhela xa vulombe, ndzhongo wa chukela ra nectar rihaha. Leswi swi endliwa hikuva tinyoxi tihunga moya hi tipapa ta tona.

Loko mati ya hahile kuringanela kutani vulombe byi fikelele xiyimo xa kahle, kutani ti cells ta swihlenge ta pfaleka. Swipfalu leswi swati beeswax swi sirhelela kuva ku nghena ndzhongo. Loko swipfalekile, swihlenge swiva swilulamele ku hakuriwa kumbe swiphameriwa eka vana va tinyoxi. Pollen yi katsiwa na vulombe loko byinga se phameriwa eka vana va tinyoxi tani hi nkatsakanyo wati protein lowu fuweke.

Tinhlayo Nhlayo ta Vulombe

Ku endla vulombe i ntirho wotika swinene. Kuya hiva American Bee Journal, nyoxi ya vulombe yita vhakela mabilomu kwalomu eka 50-100 laha kunga rendzo ro hlengeleta naswona yita humelerisa kwalomu ka 0.8 g wa vulombe eka vutomi bya yona. Vulavisisi bya lembe ra 2005 hi Department of Water and Forestry ya Afrika Dzonga byi pimanyisa leswaku kwalomu ka 15 kg wa vulombe hi baku byinga humelerisiwa hi lembe.

Ku Hakuriwa ka Vulombe

©Yves Tennevin

Vahlayisi va tinyoxi va hakula swihlenge kutani va humesa mafureme lawa ya heleleke ya swihlenge kusuka e bakwini. Swipfalo swati beeswax, leswi pfaleke laha kungana vulombe, swa haleriwa hi xikaringani kumbe mukwana kutani mafureme lawa ya vekiwa eka xokoka moya. Xokoka moya kutala kuva bakiti leri fambafambaka leri hundzulukaka eka fureme hi rivilo rale henhla swinene. Matimba lawa ya jikajikisaka bakiti leri ya humesa vulombe eka swihlenge. Swihlenge sweswo switlhelerisiwa e bakwini laha tinyoxi tisusaka masalela kutani ti sungula ku basisa naku lulamisa cell ha yin’we ha yin’we. Vahumelerisi va vulombe lebyinga endliwangiki nchumu va humesa vulombe eka mahiselo lawa yaringanaka na ya kamara naswona ava tirhisi xinghenisa moya ku hakula vulombe.

Endzhaku kakuva ku humesiwe swihlenge, vulombe byinga sefiwa kususa honeycomb wax xikan’we na swin’wana swilo. Nkarhi wun’wana ku hisiwa swi hatlisisa ntirho, kambe kuhumesiwa vulombe lebyinga vikiweki tani hi vulombe lebyinga khomiwangiki. Vulombe byi cheriwa e bodlheleni kutani byi tsariwa.

Swilo Leswi Endlaka Vulombe

Vulombe byi endliwa hi nectar naswona byina chukele (38% fructose, 31% glucose, 5% dextrin na 1.5-3% sucrose), ti protein (0.5-2,3%) kwalomu ka masalela hinkwawo (yofana na iron, phosphor, magnesium, calcium) xikan’we nati organic acids nale xikarhi ka 18-20% wa mati. Vulombe byi tlhela byiva nati enzymes tin’wana-invertase, diastase, amylase, phosphatase – leti pfunetaka hiku fayeleriwa ka vulombe.

Vulombe levyi endliwaka kusuka eka swimilani swohambana hambana abyingata nantsweka ntsena naswona byi nuhela kuhambana kambe byita hambana hi leswi swinga endzeni. Xikombiso, ti vitamins letinga eka vulombe (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, H, K, C, E, PP, provitamin A) ti engeteleriwa hiku engetelela nhlayo ya pollen eka vulombe.

Kuhambana eka nantswo kule rivaleni loko swita eka ku pimanyisa vulombe lebyi sukaka, xikombiso, mabilomu ya mihandzu (leyi vevukaka xikan’we nakuva na mihandzu nyana) xikan’we na mabilomu ya eucalyptus (yana muhlovo wo dzwihala, wotiyela, na natswo lowungana murhi nyana).

Translated by Ike Ngobeni