Yini Iliju?

Iliju yinto enamathelako eyenziwa zinyosi (iinyosi zeliju kanye nenyosi ezingatinyiko) kanye nentjhothjwani. Iliju lisetjenziswa zinyosi njengomthombo wokudla, liburotho benyosi (likukudla okuqakathekileko kwenyosi ezincani) begodu lokha kunetlhogeko. Sele lisetjenziswe babantu iminyaka engaphezu kweyi-8 000 njengomthombo wokudla nanyana njengesihlahla sokwelapha.

Lenziwe Ngani Iliju?

Iliju lenziwe nge-nectar ebuya emathuthumbeni, ensaleleni zeswigiri yenunwana nanyna emhluzini wentjalo ezisudu, Inyosi ziphapha zizume i-nectar zibuyele eendlini zazo zikhulumisane ngokudansa zitjela ezinye bona ukuphi umthombo we-nectar.
I-nectar ibese iyabuthelelwa ibuthwa ngezinye iinyosi eziyibeka eentjalweni zazo (emathunjini weliju). Lokha nazibuyela eendlini zazo, iinyosi zikhiphela i-nectar eentjalweni zezinye iinyosi ezenza iliju eduze nobungeno bezindlu zazo. I-nectar isiwa ekhekhebeni - ekuvamise bona libe phezulu ezindlini zazo, kude nendlovukazi kanye nabentwana abahlala phasi ngendlwini.
Lapha ekhekhebeni, i-nectar lithululelwa emaselini. Ngesinye nesinye iskhathi kungezelelwa etja eselini, iinyosi ezenza iliju zifaka i- “invertase’ ekuyi-enzyme ephula (iswigiri-sucrose) iyenze (i-glucose) kanye ne-fructose (iswigiri yenthelo)”, kutlhadlhula u-David Tarpy, nongu-Profesa we-entomology e-North Carolina State University.
I-nectare imumethe i-70% yamanzi, lokha iliju limumethe i-7 - 18% yamanzi. Njeke, ukufikelela ekutheni iliju linamathele, ubuswe obusuka eswigirini kufanele buphele amanzi. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokobana iinyosi zihlale zibetha umoya ngokusebenzisa iimpiko zazo.
Lokha amanzi sele aphele ngokwaneleko begodu liju sele lilungile (iliju livuthiwe) amaseli wekhekheba ayavalwa ngokusebenzisa iimvalo. Iimvalwezi zikhandela ubuswe obusekhekhebeni ekutheni bungangeneleli. Lokha nakavaliweko, ikhekheba lilungele ukungathatjhwa nanyana liphiwe abentwana beenyosi. Ipholeni ihlanganiswa neliju ngaphambi kokobana iphiwe abantwana benyosi.

Imbalobalo Zeliju

Ukwenza iliju kubudisi. Ngokuya kwehlangano ye-American Bee Journal, inyosi izokukweriyela amathuthumbo angaba yi-50 - 100 iyokubuthelela beyikhiqize iliju eliyi-0.8 g ngeskhathi sepilo yayo. Iimfundo ezenziwa ngonyaka ka-2005 mnyango we-Department of Water and Forestry of South Africa kubalelwa bona kungakhiqizwa iliju eliyi-15 kg qobe indlu ngonyaka.

Ukuthatjhwa Kweliju

©Yves Tennevin

Abafuyi benyosi bathapha amakhekheba ngokuwabuthelela kanye nokususa amafreyimu wamakhekheba ezindlini zenyosi. Iimvalo ze-beeswax, ezivala amaseli lapha kubekwa khona iliju, ziyasuswa ngotjhefana kanye namafreyimu zibekwe ku-extractor. I-extractor kuvamise ukuba lithunga elizombelezako elispina amafreyimu ngebelo eliphezulu. Amandla ithungeli elispina ngawo akhipha iliju ekhekhebeni. Amakhekheba anganalitho abuyiselwa ezindlwini zenyosi lapha iinyosi zisusa iinsalela zithome ukulungisa nokuhlwengisa amaseli. Abakhiqizi beliju elihlaza bakhipha iliju begodu abasebenzisi i-centrifuge ukukhipha iliju.
Ngemva kokukhupha iliju emakhekhebeni, iliju liyasefiwa ukususa i-wax ephuma ekhekhebeni nezinye izinto. Ngesinye isikhathi ukulifuthumeza kwenza izinto zibe msinya, kodwana kukhiqiza iliju elingabizwa bona liliju elihlaza. Iliju lifakwa emabhodleleni lifakwe amalebuli.

Iinthako Zeliju

Iliju lenziwa nge-nectar begodu limumethe iswigiri - (38% fructose, 31% glucose, 5% dextrin kanye ne-1.5-3% sucrose), protein (0.5 - 2,3%) pheze zoke iinthako ezifana ne (iron, phosphor, magnesium, calcium) kanye namanye ama-organic acid namanzi ahlangana namaphesendi ayi-18 - 20% Iliju limumethe ama-enzymes afana ne-invertase, diastase, amylase, phosphatase - arhelebha ukugayeka kweliju.
Iliju elenziwe ngentjalo ezahlukeneko alinambitheki belinuke ngokwehlukileko kodwana liyahluka ngeenthako zalo. Isibonelo, amavithamini eselijwini yi-(B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, H, K, C, E, PP, provitamin A) angezelelwa ngokungezelela inani le-pollen eselijwini.
Ukunambitheka okuhlukahlukeneko kusepepeneni lokha nakumadaniswa iliju elenziwe, isibonelo, nakuhluma amalamula (lilula limbitheka njengelamula) kanye namathuthumbo we-eucalyptus (anzinyana ngombala aqinile, apheze anambitheke inga shlahla).

Translated by Lizzy Shongwe