Mafumelo ya manguva lawa ya tirhisa swicheriwa swin’wana swale handle swotani hi ti khemikhali to dlaya switsotswana, swononisa misava xikan’we na mirhi, leyi thyakisaka xikan’we naku yisa ehansi switirhisiwa leswi lavekaka kuyisa emahlweni ku humelerisa swakudya swa rixaka ra mundzuku. Switirhisiwa leswi katsaka mati yo tenga, misava leyi hanyeke kahle, moya wo basa xikan’we na biodiversity – swimilani swohambana hambana xikan’we na swifuwo leswi tirhisanaka ku endla mbango lowu hanyeke kahle.
Ku cinca kusuka eka mafuwelo ya ntolovelo kuya eka mafuwelo lawa hlayisekaka, van’wamapurasi vanga tekelela maendlelo lawa ya kotekaka ya vurimi. Leswi landzelaka i nhlamuselo yokoma ya maendlelo ya mafuwelo lawa ya fikelelaka.
Vurimi bya Organic
Nhlangano wa misava hinkwayo, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), vuweke mafuwelo ya organic eka milawu ya mune – ya rihanyo, leyinga kahle, nhlayiso na ecology. Vurimi bya organic byiya hi maendlelo ya ecology, biodiversity na minongonoko leyiyaka hi swiyimo swa ndzhawu yaleyo, ematshan’weni yaku tirhisa swicheriwa swa ti khemikhali swofana na swidlaya switsotswana, swokurisa swimilani xikan’we nati antibiotics. Ku endliwa Kunene ka vurimi bya organic swikatsa ku cinca cinciwa ka swibyariwa, ku byariwa ka swimilani swo engetela xikan’we naku hlohletela ntumbuluko xikan’we na vuxaka lebyi ringaneleke bya valala na vaamukeri.Switirhisiwa swa organic swina xitifikheti xa ximfumo.
Xana iyini Agroecology?
Rito ‘agro-ecologia’ ritumbuluka kusuka eka Latin America naswona swivula leswi misava hinkwayo yiswivitanaka ‘organic agriculture’. Agroecology yi tirhisiwa hika mbirhi tani hi maendlelo yo olovisa naku tolovetiwa ka kucinca ka maxelo. Vanhu votala vavona agroecology tani hi philosophy na vulavisisi lebyinga tirhisiwaka eka mafuwelo lawa ya fikelelekaka, ya seketeriwa hi vurimi bya organic tani hi maendlelo lawa ya khomekaka ya xiphemu lexi.Xana iyini Vurimi bya Biodynamic?
Vurimi bya Biodynamic byiya hi ntirho wa mutivi wa sayense tlhelo philosopher wo huma e Austria Dr Rudolf Steiner. Maendlelo yakwe eka vurimi lebyi aya kombisa swinene swiphemu phemu leswi pfunetanaka xikan’we na vuxaka bya misava, swifuwo, swimilani na vanhu ku endla swivumbiwa leswi hanyaka. Philosophy leyi yivona misava xikan’we na vurimi tani hi swivumbiwa leswi kombisaka ecology ya misava hinkwayo. Miehleketo nkulu ya vurimi bya biodynamic hiyona yi Akaka xikan’we naku hlayisa biodiversity xikan’we na misava leyi hanyaka. Van’wamapurasi va Biodynamic e Afrika Dzonga vafanele ku kuma xitifikheti xa organic kusungula kutani va endla swikombelo swa xitifikheti xa biodynamic kuya hi Demeter.Xana iyini Nhlayiso wa Vurimi?
Nhlayiso wa swavurimi i ndlela yo hlayisa maendlelo ya switirhisiwa swa vurimi kutani wu langutisisa swinene eka milawu yinharhu. Wo sunguula ikuka kunga kavanyetiwi ngopfu misava hi michini, kungava kwalomu ka 30% wa mfunengeto wa misava ya organic xikan’we naku endla kuhambana hambana katinxaka ta swibyariwa hikokwalaho ka kucinca cinciwa ka swibyariwa (annual crops) kumbe kubyala leswi fambisanaka (perennial crops). Ku famba famba loku kusungule e N’walungwini nale Dzongeni wa America, New Zealand na Australia naswona swihangalake na misava hinkwayo kukatsa na Afrika.Vurimi bya Fair Trade
Timhaka ta ‘Fair Trade’ tisungule eka malembe yava 1970s hi van’wamapurasi lava ava byala coffee e Mexico. Rhengu ro xavisa ra ‘Fair Trade’ ritiyisisa kuxavisa loku lulameleke naku tiyisisa mintsengo eka vahumelerisi lavantsongo.Eka matirhelo ya, ‘Fair Trade’ vahumelerisi vaxavisa leswi vaswi humelerisaka eka mintsengo leyi kunga burisaniwa naswona leyi tiyisisiweke xikan’we naku kuma mbuyelo lowu engeteleriweke eka ntsengo. Mbuyelo wu hakeriwa eka ntlawa wa vahumelerisi naswona wunga tirhisiwa eka ku hluvukisa vaaki.
Swihumelerisiwa swi tsariwa marito lawa yange ‘Fair Trade’ leswi vulaka leswaku vahumelerisi xikan’we na vaxavisi hi vumbirhi va fikelerile swipimelo swa ‘Fair Trade’.
Xana Permaculture Swivula yini?
Rito na philosophy ‘permaculture’ switumbuluxiwe eka malembe yava 1970s hiti biologists timbirhi tale Australia. Permaculture swivula maendlelo lawa ya hlanganisiweke ya vurimi lawa ya encenyetaka ntumbuluko, laha maendlelo lawa ya tirhisanaka hikurhula. E nhoveni akuna ku hlakuriwa ka nhova, ku fafazeriwa ka swifufunhunhu, ku pfuxetiwa xikan’we naku rimiwa ka misava, kambe swifikelela ku phamela hinkwaswo leswi hanyaka kona.Matikhomelo eka permaculture iku hlayisa misava, nhlayiso wa vanhu xikan’we naku avelana-ka swihumelerisiwa, vutivi na switirhisiwa. Permaculture yi tirhisa thekiniki ya vurimi bya organic, swihlahla leswi fikelelekaka, horticulture na maendlelo ya vulawuri bya switirhisiwa swa vanhu va ndzhawu yoleyo.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni