Xiyimo xa rihanyo ra tihlampfi xihlohleteriwa hi swilo swinharhu: hlampfi (host), pathogen (disease-causing agent) xikan’wena mbango/ndzhawu (water).
Hambi leswi kuhumelela ka mavabyi swingariki swa ntolovelo eka vufuwi bya tihlampfi (aquaculture), ti pathogens tinga vanga mavabyi naswona mavabyi yatshama yarikona eka ndzhawu leyingana mati. Van’wamapurasi vanga tiyisisa xiyimo xa kahle xa rihanyo eka tihlampfi tavona hiku tiyisisa khwalithi yakahle ya mati naswona kutshama kurikarhi ku kambiwa vukona bya tihlampfi letinga fa.
Xankoka, vulawuri bya kahle bya rihanyo byi sungula hiku xaviwa ka tihlampfi leti hanyeke kahle kusuka eka vaxavisi lava tsarisiweke.
Swivangelo swa Swiphiqo swa Rihanyu eka Vufuwi bya Tinhlampfi
Eka vufuwi bya tihlampfi, kuna swivangelo swo hlaya kuva rihanyu ra tihlampfi na mavabyi swivakona. Leswi swinga katsa mavabyi lawa ya tlulelaka (caused by parasites and bacteria), ku khumbeka ka mbango (poor water quality), malawulelo yo biha xikanwe na magoza/maendlelo lawa yanga tisaka ntshikelelo. Goza rin’wana na rin’wana leri sivelaka kumbe ku hunguta ntshikelelo rifanele ku tekiwa kuwu papalata. Vukheta byi fanele kuva kona eka xo famba na loko tihlampfi ti fambisiwa xikan’we naku khomiwa naloko ku phameriwa kumbe ku kukutiwa tihlampfi.Ku Veka Tihlo eka Mavabyi ya Tihlampfi
Ku langutisiwa ka rihanyo na nhlayiso i ntirho wa nkarhi hinkwawo wa vulawuri. Vukamberi hi mahlo kukatsa naku vekiwa tihlo swifanele ku endliwa masiku hinkwawo loko ku phameriwa tihlampfi. Vukamberi bya rihanyo lebyi heleleke byi fanele ku endliwa nhweti yin’wana na yin’wana xikan’we na ndzavisiso wufanele kuva kona loko kuva na xiyimo xa mavabyi lexi voniwaka.Ku vekiwa tihlo eka mavabyi swikatsa leswi landzelaka:
Swilaveko swa swakudya: Xana tihlampfi tidya kantsongo?
Mahanyelo: Kungava kuri na mahanyelo yoka yanga tolovelekangi lawa voniweke.
Ku hefemula: Xana tihlampfi tingava ti kayivela moya?
Mahlambelelo: Xana tihlampfi toti tshamela ematini ke?
Xivumbeko: Languta muhlovo wa nhlonge, xivumbeko xikan’we na swilondza kumbe swivati leswi vonakaka.
Mbango wa mati: Kambela kuvonakala ka mati, moya, mahiselo, pH xikan’we na levele ya ammonia.
Nkoka Waku Veka Tihlo eka Mavabyi ya Vufuwi bya Swale Matini?
Nsivelo wutlula ku tshungula. Ku tshamela ku kambiwa swinga pfuna ku hatlisa u vona swiphiqo swa mavabyi yatihlamfpi loko swahaku humelela hiletlhelo ukarhi u tiyisisa khwalithi ya kahle ya mati (optimum environment) leswingana nkoka wa rihanyo ra kahle. Swikahle eka ikhonomi kuva kusiveriwa mavabyi kuva ya humelela kutlula kuringeta ku tshungula xiphiqo.Xosungula, vutshunguri bya durha (limited range of products for use with fish). Xavumbirhi, ku tshungula mavabyi switeka nkarhi naswona swinga hlwerisa ku xavisiwa ka tihlampfi hikuva kufanele kuva kuhundza nkarhi wokarhi kuva murhi wuhangalaka eka nyama ya tihlampfi. (The withdrawal period is the time the medicine takes to be eliminated from the body to ensure the meat is safe for human consumption.)
Swikoweto swa Mavabyi eka Tihlampfi
Kamba swikoweto swantolovelo swa rihanyu roka ringari kahle kumbe mavabyi:
Kunga tsakei swakudya.
Ku loloha ka tihlampfi, tihlambela hiku nonoka kumbe ti tshama ematini.
Mahanyelo yoka yanga tolovelekangi kufana naku tishuva kumbe kutlula tlula. (Flashing is when a fish rubs itself against a surface to get rid of parasites).
Ku cinca ka xivumbeko – muhlovo wu basuluka, tihlampfi tisungula ku dzwihala, marhimila yotala.
Swivati eka miri kumbe ti fins, kuvaviseka, ulcers kumbe ku bola ka ti fins.
Ku fetetela ka tihlampfi ku tlakuka (dead fish are found more frequently).
Ndlela yo Sivela Mavabyi ya Tihlampfi
Khwalithi ya kahle ya mati eka aquaculture yina nkoka swinene eka rihanyo ra kahle ra hlampfi. Mati yobasa lawa ya hanyeke kahle ya seketela rihanyo ra kahle ra hlampfi hambi loko kufika mavabyi.Khwalithi ya kahle ya mati yikatsa levele ya mahiselo yale xikarhi ka 8 na 20°C, pH leyingale xikarhi (pH 5 kuya eka 8), levele yale hansi ya ammonia (lower than 1 mg/litre) na levele yale henhla ya moya (higher than 7 mg/L).
Translated by Ike Ngobeni