Malwetse a a Tlwaelegileng mo Bolemiruing jwa Tlhapi ya Metsi a a Foreshe

©Dr David Crosby, VSU

Malwetse le mathata a itekanelo mo bolemiruing jwa metsi a a foreshe a ka runya ka ntlha ya mabaka a a jaaka pathogens, boleng jo bo bokoa jwa metsi le kgatelelô. Pathogens tse di bakang malwetse a tlhapi a a tshelanang di akaretsa bacteria, megare, metlhampepe le fungi.
Malwetse a tlhapi a ka tlhaolwa jaaka a a tshelanang le a a sa tshelaneng mme a ka farologana magareng ga mefuta ya ditlhapi.
Mefuta ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a bothitho (sekai, tilapia le catfish) e tshwarwa bonolo ke epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) fa mefuta ya metsi a a tsididi jaaka rainbow trout e ka tshwarwa bonolo ke malwetse a a jaaka bacterial cold-water disease (BCWD) le rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS).
Rainbow trout e ka tshwarwa gape ke malwetse ale mabedi a mogare; viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) le infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), fela ano ga a runye mo Afrika Borwa.

Matshwao a Malwetse mo Tlhaping

Dithemphoritšhara tse di kwa godimo, boleng jo bo bokoa jwa metsi le kgatelelô di rotloetsa go runya le go anama ga malwetse mo ditlhaping. Balemirui ba tlhapi ba tshwanetse go nna le leano la tshoganyetso fa go ka nna le go runya ga bothata jwa itekanelo mo ditlhaping tsa bona. Seno se tshwanetse go akaretsa temogo ya go sale gale ya bolwetse, tshegetso ya motlhatlhobi wa itekanelo go netefatsa bolwetse jwa tlhapi le lenaane la melemô e e amolesegang semolao.
Mo lobakeng lwa tshoganyetso, go tshwanetse ga nna le leano la tshutisetso ya ditlhapi goya kwa letamong le lengwe (le le senang ditlhapi tse dingwe) la maêmô a boleng jo bo botoka jwa metsi gore di bone kalafo ya bogareng.
Ditlhatlhobo tsa ka metlha (tsa tsatsi le tsatsi) go bona matshwao ano a bolwetse mo tlhaping ya metsi a a foreshe:
Dintshu tse di oketsegileng (tlhapi tse dingwe tse di suleng).
Tlhapi tse di thumelang ka bonya.
Tlhapi tse di thumelang gaufi le boalô.
Tlhapi tse di thumang ka letlhakore.
Diphuka di bontsha phetogo ya mmala, seromo kgotsa go bôla.
Tlhapi e fetoga mmala.

Bacterial Gill Disease - BGD

Bo itsagale gape jaaka ‘bolwetse jwa dirwe tsa khemo jwa tikologo’, jona bo bakwa ke Flavobacterium mme ke tshwaetsego ya bobedi ya dirwe tsa khemo tse di sentsweng lantlha ke ditena tse di jaaka maraga kgotsa dielô tse di kwa godimo tsa ammonia mo metsing.
Jang: Bo runya mo maêmông a boleng jwa metsi jo bo bokoa le dithemphoritšhara tse di kwa godimo.
Ditshupabolwetse: Go senyega ga togwa ya serwe sa khemo (dikarolwana tse tshweu tse di suleng) le kokoano ya bacteria e e golang mo dirweng tsa khemo.
Kalafo: Tokafatsa tikologo. Dirisa letswai le le gorofo le le senang iodine, Chloramine-T kgotsa Hyamine.

Go Bôla ga Phuka le Mogatla

Tshwaetsego eno ya mogatla le diphuka e bakwa ke Flavobacterium mme e runya mo maêmông a tikologo a a bokoa le mo dithemphoritšhareng tse di kwa godimo.
Ditshupabolwetse: Go hibila ga diphuka go go fetogelang go nna dikarolo tse tshweu tse di bodileng mo dintlhaneng tsa diphuka le mogatla.
Kalafo: Tokafatsa tikologo. Dirisa letswai le le gorofo le le senang iodine, Chloramine-T.

Furunculosis le Aeromonas

©Dr David Crosby, VSU

Malwetse ano a bacteria a runya mo ditlhaping tse di mo kgatelelông, ga ntsi mo bontsing jo bo kwa godimo (ditlhapi tse di ntsintsi tse di beilweng mmogo), mo dithemphoritšhareng tsa metsi tse di kwa godimo le boleng jwa metsi jo bo kwa tlase.
Ditshupabolwetse: Marere a a feteletseng mo mmeleng le dikarolo tse di hibilang. Bontlhana jo bo sweu mo letlalong, diso le matlho a a tomogileng.
Kalafo: Polao-megare ya ditshwaetsego tse di fa godimo ga letlalo le kalafi ya twantshamegare ya ditshwaetsego tsa ka fa gare ga mmele.

Costia

Costia ke motlhampepe o mo nnye o o lobelo mme gantsi o runya fa ditlhapi di le mo kgatelelông ka ntlha ya pitlagano kgotsa boleng jwa metsi jo bo kwa tlase. Motlhampepe ono o matlhagatlhaga mo dithemphoritšhareng tse di simololang go 20℃ goya go 29℃ mme o ka baka dintshu tse di boitshegang mo ditlhaping tse di nnye.
Ditshupabolwetse: Monyô o o jaaka mašwi (boalô jo bo setlha/sweu) mo mmeleng, segolo thata mo matlhakoreng. Marere a a feteletseng, go hibila ga letlalo, ikgotlho kgotsa iphorogotlho (ikgotlho ke fa tlhapi e iphorogotlha go ikentsha metlhampepe.)
Kalafo: Tlhokomelo e e siameng, letswai, Chloramine-T, Formalin.

Trichodina

Trichodina ke bolwetse jo bo bakwang ke motlhampepe o o fitlhelwang mo ditikologong tse di nang le kagegô ya maraga le bontsi jwa botswatshedi (metsi a a nang le ditswatsheding tse di ntsi). Bolwetse jo bo ama letlalo le dirwe tsa khemo.
Ditshupabolwetse: Ikgotlho le iphorogotlho. Marara a a feteletseng. Go bôla ga phuka le/kgotsa diso mo diphukeng. Khemo e e bothata.
Kalafo: Tokafatsa tikologo ya tlhapi (boleng jwa metsi), letswai, Chloramine-T.

Peisi e Tshwu ‘Ich’

©Kurt Buchmann

Peisi e tshweu (kgotsa ‘ich’) e bakwa ke motlhampepe o o tlwaelegileng thata, o o runyang ka fa tlase ga 28℃. Gantsi bo tlhasela ditlhapi tse di mo kgatelelông le tse di bokoa mme bo tshwaetsa letlalo le dirwe tsa khemo.
Ditshupabolwetse: Ikgotlho le iphorogotlho. Motsamao o o boitsapo. Marere a a feteletseng. Dipeisi tse di nnye tse tshweu mo diphukeng le mo mmeleng.
Kalafo: Tlhokomelo e e siameng, boleng jo bo siameng jwa metsi le dithemphoritšhara tse di tsepameng. Formalin.

Dithunyô tsa Bolele

Dithunyô tsa bolele ke kgolô e e feteletseng ya bolele jaaka e runya ka fa tlase ga maêmô a kgolô a a siameng – lesedi le dikotla tse di lekaneng. Di tlwaelegile thata ka fa tlase ga dihôkô tsa letloa le mo makadibeng a a itshekileng (a a senang metsi a a tsamayang) kgotsa matamo. Bolele jo bongwe bo ka ntsha botlhole jo bo ka bakang dintshu tsa ditlhapi.
Ditshupabolwetse: Metsi a fetogela go mmala o mohibidu, wa loapi kgotsa o o borokwa. Tlhapi e sokola go hema – dirwe tsa khemo di thijwa ke bolele. Bolele bo ka kgotlhela nama ya tlhapi mme bo ame boleng jwa nama.
Kalafo: Laola dielô tsa bolele mo metsing. Tila kagegô ya dikotla, segolo thata ka fa tlase ga dihôkô tsa letloa mo matamong a trout. Netefatsa tshentso-mowa e e lekaneng ya metsi (oketsa dielô tsa oxygen) fa thunyô ya bolele e runya.

Bolwetse jwa Letseta

Bolwetse jwa letseta bo bakwa ke Saprolegnia e e okareng mouta, e e phelang ele teng mo metsing. E baka mathata mo metsing a a humileng ka ditswatsheding kgotsa a a tletseng ditlhapi tse di suleng kgotsa sere se se bolang sa tlhapi. Trout e nna mo kotsing go gaisa ka setlha sa ntshô-mae.
Ditshupabolwetse: Mouta o anama mo godimo ga mmele mme o bake maodi a masweu ka selebego sa letseta.
Kalafo: Tokafatsa tikologo. Tlhokomelo e e siameng – go ntshwa ga tlhapi e e suleng ga tsatsi le tsatsi. Lekanyetsa kgatelelô le tshenyego ka motsi wa go tshwara ka letloa le go kgoma tlhapi.

Go Alafa Malwetse a Tlhapi

Tlhatlhobelobolwetse e e maleba e tshwanetse go ka dirwa pele tlhapi efe kgotsa efe e ka alafiwa mme dipoelo, ga mmogo le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa go alafa ditlhapi, di tshwanetse go ka akanyetswa.
Tlhopha kalafi le mokgwa wa kalafi tse di gaisang. Sekai, tlhopha magareng ga dikalafi tsa bata (tse di tla diriswang mo dihôkông) kgotsa sefepi se se tsentsweng molemô.
Fa o alafa ditlhapi tse di lwalang ka molemô o montšhwa lekgetlho la ntlha, o lekeletse pele mo setlhotswaneng sa ditlhapi. O seke wa fepa tlhapi sebaka sa diura di le 24 pele o ka di neela molemô. Tsamaiso ya tshilo-dijo e dirisa oxygen mme go botlhokwa go somarela tlhapi oxygen ka bontsi jo bo kgonagalang.
Netefatsa fa dipalelelo le dilekanyetso tsa melemô di nepile - dirisa boketetshedi (bokete ka kakaretso jwa ditlhapi tsotlhe) le seêlô se se siameng sa metsi. Ka metlha rebola kalafi go sale gale mo mesong (mo dithemphoritšhareng tsa metsi tse di kwa tlase) mme o lebe tsibogo ya tlhapi.

Ka metlha obamela dipaka tsa tlogelo tse di gakololwang fa o dirisa dikhemikhale le diritibatsi. Paka ya tlogelo ke nako e molemô o e tsayang go ka thugwa gore go se nne le masaledi a ona a a ka bonwang mo nameng.
Go tlaleletsa melemô ya go alafa bolwetse jwa ditlhapi, tokafatsa tikologo (boleng jwa metsi) mme o tile kgatelelô e nngwe gape e e jaaka go kgoma ditlhapi kgotsa go di sutisa.
Tshola rekoto e e dintlha ya kalafo e e nang le matlha, mofuta wa kalafo, mabaka a kalafo, tsibogo ya tlhapi jalo le jalo.

Translated by Nchema Rapoo