Izifo Ezivamile Emanzini Okudoba

©Dr David Crosby, VSU

Izifo nezinkinga zezempilo emapulazini okudoba ngamanzi ahlanzekile kungenzeka ngenxa yezifo ezinjengama-pathogens, ikhwalithi yamanzi embi nokucindezeleka. Ama-pathogens abangela izifo zezinhlanzi ezithathelwanayo zihlanganisa amabhaktheriya, ama-virus, ama-parasites nezifungi.
Izifo zezinhlanzi zingahle zihlukaniswe njengezithathelwanayo futhi ezingenasifo futhi zingahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo.
Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zamanzi ezifudumele (isb. Tilapia kanye ne-catfish) zithandwa kakhulu nge-epizootic ulcerative syndrome (i-EUS) ngenkathi izinhlobo zamanzi abandayo ezifana ne-rainbow trout zingangena kalula izifo ezifana nesifo se-bacterial-water (BCWD) ne-rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS).
I-Rainbow trout ingabuye ihlinzeke izifo ezimbili zegciwane; i-septicemia ene-viral hemorrhagic (VHS) ne-pancreatic necrosis (IPN) esithathelwanayo, kodwa lokhu akuveli eNingizimu Afrika.

Izimpawu Zezifo eNhlanzini

Amazinga okushisa aphezulu, ikhwalithi yamanzi empofu kanye nokucindezeleka kubonisa ukuthi kwenzeke futhi kusakazeka kwezifo ezinhlanzi. Abafuyi bezinhlanzi kufanele babe nesimiso.
Esiphuthumayo uma kwenzeka ukuqubuka kwenkinga yezempilo ezinhlanzi zabo. Lokhu kufanele kufaka phakathi ukuqashelwa kwezifo zakudala, ukusekelwa ngumhloli wezempilo ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinhlanzi zezinhlanzi kanye nohlu olunemithi eyamukelekayo ngokomthetho.
Uma kwenzeka isimo esiphuthumayo kakhulu, kufanele kube khona uhlelo lokuphumula lokuhambisa izinhlanzi zibe kwelinye idamu (ngaphandle kweminye inhlanzi) ngezimo ezingcono zekhwalithi zamanzi zokwelashwa okuphakathi.
Ngokuvamile (nsuku zonke) hlola noma iyiphi yalezi zibonakaliso zezifo ezinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile:
Ukufa okunyuka (izinhlanzi ezingaphezulu).
Inhlanzi ibhukuda kancane.
Inhlanzi ibhukuda eduze.
Inhlanzi ibhukuda eceleni kwabo.
Izinhlamvu zikhombisa ukushintsha kombala, izilonda noma ukubola.
Inhlanzi ishintsha umbala.

Isifo se-Bacterial Gill - BGD

Eyaziwa nangokuthi 'isifo se-gill yemvelo', lokhu kubangelwa i-Flavobacterium futhi isifo esiphezulu samagill owaqale wabhidliza yiziqu ezinjengezinyosi noma amazinga aphezulu e-ammonia emanzini.
Indlela: Isebenza ngezimo zekhwalithi zamanzi ezimpofu kanye namazinga aphezulu okushisa.
Izimpawu: Ukubhujiswa kwezicubu ze-gill (ezimhlophe, ama-patches ezifile) kanye nobukhulu obubonakalayo bebhaktheriya obukhulayo emigqumeni.
Ukwelashwa: Thuthukisa imvelo. Sebenzisa usawoti omningi ongenayo i-1 (1 kg ngamalitha angu-1000 wamanzi), i-Chloramine-T noma i-Hyamine.

I-Fin ne-Tail Rot

Lokhu ukutheleleka komsila kanye nezinhlawulo kubangelwa yiFlavobacterium futhi kwenzeka ezindaweni ezimbi zemvelo nasezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa.
Izimpawu: Ukukhishwa kabusha kwezimpawulo eziya ezindaweni ezimhlophe ezimayelana namaphuzu nomsila.
Ukwelashwa: Thuthukisa imvelo. Sebenzisa usawoti omningi ongenayo i-Chloramine-T.

I-Furunculosis ne-Aeromonas

©Dr David Crosby, VSU

Lezi zifo ze-bacteria zenzeka ezinhlanjeni ezicindezelekile, ngokuvamile ezikhungweni eziphakeme (izinhlanzi eziningi kakhulu ezihlanganisiwe), emazingeni okushisa kwamanzi aphakeme kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi empofu.
Izimpawu: I-mucus ekhululekile emzimbeni nasezindaweni ze-reddening. Ama-patches omhlophe esikhumbeni, izilonda nama-pop-amehlo.
Ukwelapha: Ukukhipha ukushisa ukukhipha imithi yokwelashwa okungenasisekelo kanye nokwelashwa kwama-antibiotic okwe-systemic (kwangaphakathi) ukutheleleka.

I-Costia

I-Costia i-parasite encane, ehamba ngokusheshayo futhi ngokuvamile iyenzeka uma izinhlanzi zicindezelwa ngenxa yokwanda ngokweqile noma ikhwalithi yamanzi empofu. Lezi zinambuzane zisebenza emazingeni okushisa kusuka ku-20℃ kuya ku-29℃ futhi zingabangela ukushona okukhulu phakathi kwamafrythi amancane.
Izimpawu: I-Milky haze (grey/white layer) phezu komzimba, ikakhulukazi ezinhlangothini. Ukukhwabanisa okwedlulele, ukukhishwa kabusha kwesikhumba, ukukhanyisa noma ukuxubha (flashing yilapho izinhlanzi zizibamba ukuze ziqede ama-parasites).
Ukwelashwa: Ukuhweba okuhle, usawoti, i-Chloramine-T, i-Formalin.

I-Trichodina

I-Trichodina yisifo esibangelwa ama-parasite atholakele ezindaweni ezakhiwe nge-sediment build-up kanye nemithwalo ephezulu yemvelo (amanzi aphezulu endabeni ephilayo). Lesi sifo sithinta isikhumba namagill.
Izimpawu: Ukushayela nokuxubha. I-mucus engaphezulu. Ukuguguleka kokuphela kanye/noma izilonda emaphethweni.
Inkinga yokuphefumula.
Ukwelashwa: Thuthukisa imvelo yenhlanzi (ikhwalithi yamanzi), usawoti, i-Chloramine-T.

I-White Spot 'Ich'

©Kurt Buchmann

Indawo emhlophe (noma 'ich') ibangelwa i-parasite ejwayelekile, eyenzeka ngaphansi kuka-28℃.
Ngokuvamile ukuhlaselwa kugcizelelwe futhi kunobuthi obuthakathaka futhi kuphazamisa isikhumba namagill.
Izimpawu: Ukushayela nokuxubha. Ukunyakaza okuvelele. I-mucus engaphezulu. Izindawo ezincane ezimhlophe emanzini nasemzimbeni.
Ukwelashwa: Ikhwalithi enhle yokuphuza amanzi kanye nokushisa okumile. I-Formalin.

I-Algae Blooms

Ukuqhakaza kwe-algae ukukhula ngokweqile kwe-algae njengoba kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle ezikhulayo - ukukhanya okwanele kanye nezakhi. Kuyinto evamile kakhulu ngaphansi kwamakheji enetha kanye namachibi ama-static (akukho manzi okugijima) noma amadamu. Amanye ama-algae angafaka amakhemikhali angabangela ukufa kwezinhlanzi.
Izimpawu: Amanzi aphenduka obomvu, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, aluhlaza noma aluhlaza. Umzabalazo wezinhlanzi ukuze uphefumule - izigulane zimbozwe nge-algae. I-algae ingadla inyama yenhlanzi futhi ithinte ikhwalithi yenyama.
Ukwelashwa: Phatha amazinga algae emanzini. Gwema ukwakha izakhi, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwamakheji enetha emadamu amadokodo. Qinisekisa ukulingana okwanele kwamanzi (ukwandisa amazinga e-oksijeni) uma kwenzeka ukuqhuma kwe-algae.

Isifo se-Cotton Wool

Isifo soboya be-cotton sibangelwa yi-Saprolegnia efana ne-fungal, ehlale ikhona emanzini. Idala izinkinga emanzini acebile ngendaba ephilayo noma ngezinhlanzi eziningi ezifile noma into edobayo yenhlanzi. I-Trout iyingozi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Izimpawu: I-fungus isakaza phezu komzimba futhi ibangele ukukhishwa kwamhlophe ngokubonakala kobotini.
Ukwelashwa: Thuthukisa imvelo yamanzi. Ukuphatha kahle - ukususwa nsuku zonke kwezinhlanzi ezifile. Nciphisa ukucindezeleka nokulimala komzimba ngesikhathi sokudonsa nokuphathwa.

Indlela Yokuphatha Izifo Zezinhlanzi

Kufanele kutholakale ukuxilongwa okufanele ngaphambi kokuba noma iyiphi inhlanzi ingaphathwa futhi izinzuzo, kanye nokungahambi kahle kokwelapha inhlanzi, kufanele kucatshangelwe.

Khetha indlela efanele yokwelapha nokwelapha. Isibonelo, khetha phakathi kokunakekelwa kokugeza (okumele kusetshenziswe emakamelweni) noma okuphakelayo okudliwayo.

Lapho ukwelapha inhlanzi yesifo ngomuthi omusha ngokokuqala ngqa, uqale uyihlole eqenjini elincane lezinhlanzi. Ungadli izinhlanzi ngamahora angu-24 ngaphambi kokunikeza imithi. Inqubo yokugaya isebenzisa i-oxygen futhi kubalulekile ukulondoloza i-oksijeni eningi ngenhlanzi ngangokunokwenzeka.

Qinisekisa ukuthi izibalo zakho kanye nemilinganiselo yemithi inembile - sebenzisa i-biomass enembile (isisindo sonke samanhlanzi) kanye nenani lamanzi elungile. Njalo uphathe ekuseni kakhulu (ngamanzi okushisa aphansi) futhi uqaphele impendulo yezinhlanzi.

Njalo uhambisane nezikhathi zokuhoxiswa okunconywayo uma usebenzisa amakhemikhali nezidakamizwa. Isikhathi sokuhoxiswa yisikhathi esithathayo sokuba umuthi ukhiqizwe ukuze kungabikho nhlobo okuyobonakala enyameni.

Ngaphezu kwemithi yokwelapha isifo senhlanzi, ukuthuthukisa imvelo (ikhwalithi yamanzi) futhi ugweme noma yikuphi ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo njengokuphatha noma ukuhambisa izinhlanzi.

Gcina irekhodi olunemininingwane yokwelapha ngezinsuku, uhlobo lwezokwelapha, izizathu zokuphatha, ukusabela kwezinhlanzi njalonjalo.

Translated by Nsika Khoza