Amalwelwe kanye nemiraro yezepilo emfesini ezifuywa emanzini afretjhi kungenzeka ngebanga lezinto ezifana nama-pathogen, kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi nokugandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo. Ama-pathogen abanga amalwelwe athathelanako wemfesi kubalwa hlangana ama-bakhutheriya, imilwane amapharasayini kanye nenkowani.
Amalwelwe wemfesi angahlukaniswa hlangana kwathelelanako nangathelelaniko begodu ayahlukahluka kuya ngokobana mhlobo muphi wefesi.
Iimfesi ezifuywa emanzini atjhisako (isibonelo i-tilapia kanye ne-catfish) zibanjwa khulu bulwelwe i-epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) lokha imihlobo efuywa emanzini amakhaza efana ne-rainbow trout ibanjwa lula bulwelwe ebufana ne-bacterial cold-water disease (BCWD) kanye ne-rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) ubulwelwe be-rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) bumihlobo emibili nanyana bumilwane emibili, i-viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) kanye ne-infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), kodwana lobu abukho eSewula Africa.
Amatjhwayo Wamalwelwe
Amazinga aphezulu, amanzi angasimahle kanye nokugandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo kwenza bona amalwelwe la arhatjheke eemfesini. Abafuyi bemfesi kutlhogeka kobana babe namano ajarhekileko wokukhandela amalwelwe la nakungenzeka athome emfesini zabo. Lokhu kufanele kufake hlangana ukubona amatjhwawo wamalwelwe nakathomako, ukuthola isekelo elivela kusiyazi wezepilo kobana atjho lokha nambala kunobulwelwe obuthomako emfesinezi begodu abatlolele ilisti yenhlanhla ezivumeleko ngokomthetho abangazisebenzisa.
Nange kungenzeka kobana kujarheke, kutlhogeka kube namano wokuzifudusela kwelinye idamu (elinganamafesi) enobujamo obungcono bekhwalithi yamanzi ukwenzela bona zilatjhelwe khona.
Ukuhlola qobe malanga kobana akunamatjhwayo wamalwelwe emanzini afretjhi ekufuyelwa kiwo iimfesi:
Ukobana azifi ngobunengi na
Kobana azidudi buthaka na
Kobana azidudeli ngaphasi khulu kwamanzi na
Kobana azidudi ngehlangothi na
Kobana iimpiko zazo azitjhuguluki umbala, nanyana azinanlonda nanyana ukubola na
Kobana azitjhuguluki umbala na
I-Bacterial Gill Disease - BGD
Eyaziwa ngelinye ibizo lokobana yi-‘environmental gill disease’ bubangelwa yi-Flavobacterium begodu ukubanjwa malwelwe kwempiko zefesi egade zonakele ekuthomeni zoniwa yileveli ephezulu ye-ammonia esemanzini.
Njani: Yenzeka lokha amanzi nobujamo nanyana ikhwalithi embi lokha amazinga womtjhiso akhuphukileko.
Amatjhwayo: Ukonakala kwamathitjhu wempiko zefesi (abemhlophe, nanyana abe namapetjhi afileko) kubonakale amabhakutheriya akhulako empikweni.
Ukuselapha: Yenza ngcono ibhoduluko lakho. Sebenzisa itjwayi eligrofu elingana – iron (libe yi-1 kg emanzini ayi-1000 litha), Chloramine-T nanyana i-Hyamine.
Ukubola kwempiko Nanyana Umsila
Ukungenwa malwelwe kwempiko kanye nomsila wemfesi kubangwa yi-Flavobacterium begodu kwenzeka lokha ubujamo bebhoduluko busemazingeni aphezulu.
Amatjhwayo: Ukuba bomvu kwempiko ezikhula eendaweni ezimhlophe ezingwarekileko empendeni zamaphiko wefesi kanye nemsileni.
Ukuselapha: Yenza ngcono ibhoduluko lakho. Sebenzisa itjwayi eligrofu elingana-iron, i-Chloramine-T.
I-Furunculosis kanye ne-Aeromonas
Amalwelwe abangwa mabhukutheriya la anzeka emfesini ezigandeleleke ngokomkhumbulo, ezivamise ukutholakala lokha nazifuywe zizinengi khulu, emanzini anamazinga aphezulu womtjhiso begodu anekhwalithi engasiyihle.
Amatjhwayo: Ukuba namathimila amanengi emzimbeni begodu amanye amalunga womzimbayo aba bomvu. Amapetjhi amhlophe eskhunjeni, iinlonda kanye namehlo adosekileko.
Ukuselapha: Ukuqeda ubulwelobu lokha nayithelelekileko ngokusebenzisa ama-antibiotic ukwelapha amalwelwe ayibambe ngaphakathi.
I-Costia
I-Costia yipharasayini encani ekhambako,evamise ukwenzeka lokha ifesi igandeleleke ngokomkhumbulo okubanga kukobana ziminyane nanyana kukobana zisemanzini wekhwalithi embi. Ipharasayideli limajadu emazingeni womtjhiso ahlanga kwe-20℃ ukuya ku-29℃, begodu ingabanga kobana iimfesi ezincani, zife ngobunengi.
Amatjhwayo: Ibanesikhumba enga sisabisi (nanyana esimlotjhana ngebala, nanyana esimhlophe) emahlangothini. Amathimila amanengi, iskhumba esibomvu begodu iyazirhuhla izirhuhla nje ilinga ukususa amapharasayidi.
Ukusilapha: Ukuzitlhogomela kuhle, nanyana ukufaka itjwayi i-Chloramine-T, Formalin.
I-Trichodina
i-Trichodina bulwelwe obubangwa yipharasayidi elitholwa ebhodulukweni elakhele iinsalela elinamakhemikhali amanengi (nanyana amanzi azele amakhemikhali) Ubulwelobu bubamba iskhumba kanye nempiko.
Amatjhwayo: Iyazirhuhla, ikhupha amathimila amanengi, amaphiko wayo ayarhurhuleka nanyana iphuma iinlonda emaphikweni begodu iphefumula kabuhlungu.
Ukusilapha: Ukutlhogomela kuhle ibhoduluko layo (ikhwalithi yamanzi), nanyana ukufaka itjwayi i-Chloramine-T, Formalin.
Amatjhatjhazi Amhlophe - Ich
Amatjhatjhazi amhlophe abangwa yipharasayidi ejwayelekileko eyenzeka lokha amanzi anomtjhiso ongaphezu kwe-28℃. Sivamise ukubamba iimfesi ezibuthaka begodu zibamba iskhumba sazo nanyana iimpiko zazo.
Amatjhwayo: Iyazirhuhla. Ikhamba inga idiniwe. Ikhupha amathimila amanengi. Zibanamatjhatjhazi amhlophe amancani empikweni zazo nanyana emzimbeni.
Ukusilapha: Ukutlhogomela kuhle ibhoduluko yazo, ikhwalithi yamanzi ehle kanye namazinga womtjhiso anzinzileko.
I-Algae Blooms
I-Algae bloom kukhula khulu kobulwembu obenzeka lokha nazinobujamo obuhle bokukhula – lapha kunomkhanyo owaneleko kanye nezakhi mzimba. Sitholakala emakhejini ngaphasi nemadamini ajamileko (lapha amanzi angakhambi khona). Obunye ubulwembu bukhipha itjhefu engabangela kobana iimfesi zife.
Amatjhwayo: Amanzi atjhuguluka abe bomvu, abehlaza kwesibhakabhaka, abehlaza satjani nanyana abenzotho ngombala. Ifesi ayirhoni ukuphefumula kuhle-iimpiko zayo zibanjwa bulwembu. Ubulwembu busilaphaza inyama yefesi begodu benze bona ingabi ngeyekhwalithi ehle.
Ukusilapha: Tlhogomela ileveli yobulwembu emanzini wakho. Ungavumeli kobana kwakhele izakhimzimba, khulukhulu ngaphasi kwamakheji emadamini. Qiniseka kobana kungena i-oxygen eyaneleko ngemanzinapho nange ubulwelwe be-algae bloom benzeka.
Ubulwelwe be-Cotton Wool
I-cotton wool disease ibangelwa zinkowani ezifana ne-Saprolegnia,ehlala ikhona emanzini. Ibanga imiraro emanzini azele amakhemikhali lapha kunemfesi ezinengi ezifileko nanyana ezibolako.
Amatjhwayo: Iinkowani zirhatjhekela emzimbeni woke begodu zibange ubulwembu obuqaleka inga yi-cotton-wool.
Ukusilapha: Yenza ngcono ikhwalithi yamanzi, utlhogomele ibhoduluko lakho kuhle. Nciphisa ukugandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo nanyana ukonakala kwamanethi lokha nawuwabambako.
Uwalapha njani Amalwelwe Wefesi
Kutlhogeka bona uqiniseke bona zibanjwe bulwelwe buphi ngaphambi kokobana ulaphe ifesi enye nenye, nenzuzo kanye nemiraro ongahlangabezana nayo lokha nawe lapha ifesi leyo.
Khetha iindlela ekungiyo kanye nenhlahla ekungizo zokuzelapha. Isibonelo, khetha hlangana kokobana uzelapha ngebhadi (esetjenziswa emakhejini) nanyana ukudla okuzinhlanhla.
Lokha nawulapha malwelwe wemfesi ngenhlanhla ezitjha kokuthoma, hlola mantanzi iinhlahlezo ngokobana uziphe isiqhema esincani semfesi. Ungaphi iimfesi ukudla ema irini ayi-24 ngaphambi kokobana uziphe iinhlanhla. Ukobana zirhone ukusila ukudla ngemathunjini zitlhoga i-oxygen begodu kuqakathekile bona utlhogomele kobana ifesi ine-oxygen eyaneleko ngendlela ekungarhonakala ngayo.
Qiniseka kobana ubale kuhle nokobana uzipha umthamo ekungiwo wenhlanhla na, sebenzisa ubudisi bemfesi zizoke kanye nomthamo ekungiwo wamanzi. Zilaphe ekuseni khulu ngesikhathi soke (lokha amanzi anamazinga aphasi womtjhiso) tjheja godu bona ziziphatha njani.
Landela ngaso soke isikhathi esiphakanyisiweko sokobana uziphe iinhlahlezo lokha nawusebenzisa amakhemikhali kanye nendakamizwa. Iskhathi esibekiweko sokobana uzilisise iinhlanhla senzelwe kobana zithole isikhathi sokobana iihlanhlezo ziphume emzimbenazo ukobana kungasali iinsalela zazo enyameni yemfesezo.
Ukungezelela enhlanhleni zokwelapha amalwelwe wefesi, yenza ngcono ibhoduluko lakho (ikhwalithi yamanzi) begodu ungenzi bona zigandeleleko ngokomkhumbuli ngokobana uzibambe nanyana uzifuduse.
Beak incwadi enemininingwani yamalanga, owazilapha ngawo, umhlobo wenhlanhla ozilaphe ngayo, unobangela wokuzilapha kanye nokobana zaziphatha njani ngemva kwalokho nokunye.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana