Mavabyi Yantolovelo eka Vufuwi bya Tihlampfi

©Dr David Crosby, VSU
Mavabyi na swiphiqo swa rihanyo eka vufuwi bya tihlampfi tale matini yo tenga swingava kona hikwalaho ka swilo swofana nati pathogens, khwalithi yoka yingari kahle ya mati na ntshikelelo. Ti pathogens tivanga mavabyi lawa ya tlulelaka ya tihlampfi kukatsa nati bacteria, switsongwatsongwani, switswonga ngati na fungi. Mavabyi ya tihlampfi yanga vekiwa tani hi lawa ya tlulelaka xikan’we na lawa yanga tluleleki naswona yanga hambana kuya hi tinxaka.
Tihlampfi tale matini yo kufumela (e.g. tilapia and catfish) ti hlaseriwa ngopfu hi epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) loko letikumekaka eka mati yotitimela kufana na rainbow trout tinga khomiwa hi mavabyi hiku olova yotani hi bacterial cold-water disease (BCWD) na rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) Rainbow trout yinga tlhela yikhomiwa hi mavabyi yambirhi ya nghozi swinenecan; viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) na infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), kambe lawa ayakumeki e Afrika Dzonga.

Swikoweto swa Mavabyi ya Tihlampfi

Mahiselo yale henhla, khwalithi yale hansi ya mati na ntshikelelo swivanga kuhumelela naku hangalasa mavabyi ya tinhlampfi. Van’wamapurasi vati hlampfi vafanele kuva na kungu ra xihatla loko ko tshuka kuve na mavabyi ya tihlampfi. Leswi swifanele kukatsa kuhatlisa ku voniwa mavabyi, nseketelo wa mukamberi wa rihanyo ku kumisisa loko himpela mavabyi yarikona xikan’we na nxanxameto lowungana murhi lowungale nawini. Eka xiyimo lexi xinga xa xihatla swinene, kufanele kuri na kungu ra xihatla swinene kususa tihlampfi kuya eka damu rin’wana (with no other fish) leringana mati ya khwalithi yo antswa leswaku vutshunguri byita tirha.
Ku tshamela ku kamberiwa swikoweto swin’wana na swin’wana swa mavabyi eka tihlampfi ta mati yo tenga:
Ku fa ka tihlampfi totala (more dead fish).
Tihlampfi ti hlambela hiku nonoka.
Tihlampfi ti hlambela etshakwini ra damu.
Tihlampfi tihlambela etlhelo.
Ti fins tikomba ku cinca muhlovo, ulcers kumbe ku bola.
Tihlampfi ti cinca muhlovo.

Bacterial Gill Disease - BGD

Ya tlhela ya tiveka tani hi ‘environmental gill disease’, ya vangiwa hi Flavobacterium naswona i nhlaselo wa vumbirhi wa hi gills leti ati vavisekile swokarhi leswinga katsaka nhlayo yale henhla ya ammonia e matini.
Njhani: Yihumelela eka mati ya khwalithi yale hansi xikan’we na mahiselo yale henhla.
Swikoweto: Ku onhiwa ka ti gills (white, dead patches) naku vonaka ka ti bacteria leti vonakaka ti kula eka ti gills.
Vutshunguri: Antswisa mbango. Tirhisa munyu wa magorogoro (1 kg per 1000 litre of water), Chloramine-T or Hyamine.

Ku Bola ka ti Fin na Ncila

Ku hlaseriwa loku ka ncila nati fins swivangiwa hi Flavobacterium naswona swihumelela eka swiyimo swo biha swa mbango nale ka mahiselo yale henhla.
Swikoweto: Kutshukuluka ka ti fins leswi tumbulukaka e makumu ka ti fins na ncila.
Vutshunguri: Antswisa mbango. Tirhisa munyu wa magorogoro, Chloramine-T.

Furunculosis na Aeromonas

©Dr David Crosby, VSU
Mavabyi lawa ya ti bacteria yava kona eka tihlampfi letingana ntshikelelo, hi xitalo laha tinga tala ngopfu (too many fish grouped together), laha mati ya hisaka swinene naswona yari ya khwalithi yale hansi.
Swikoweto: Kutala ka marhimila eka miri xikan’we nakuva na tindzhawu letinga tshukuluka. Swipatsu swobasa eka nhlonge, ulcers xikan’we na mati lawa yanga humela e handle.
Vutshunguri: Ku susiwa ka nhlaselo xikan’we na vutshunguri bya ti antibiotic eka swirho swale ndzeni (internal) leswinga hlaseriwa.

Costia

Costia iyi ntsongo swinene, yi famba hiku hatlisa swinene naswona yiva kona loko hlampfi yiri na ntshikelelo wakuva ku tele ngopfu tihlampfi kumbe mati yari ya khwalithi yale hansi. Parasite leyi yi hanya kahle eka mahiselo lawa yangale xikarhi ka 20℃ kuya eka 29℃ naswona yinga vanga kufa ka tihlampfi totala ngopfu tati small fry.
Swikoweto: Milky haze (grey/white layer) eka miri hinkwawo, ngopfu ngopfu ematlhelo. Kutala marhimila, kutshukuluka ka nhlonge, kutitshuva. (Flashing is when the fish rubs itself to rid it of parasites.)
Vutshunguri: Ku lawuriwa kahle eka vufuwi, munyu, Chloramine-T, Formalin.

Trichodina

Trichodina i mavabyi lawa ya vangiwaka hiti parasite leti kumekaka eka mbango lowunga thyaka swinene naswona wutalele hi manyoro (water high in organic matter). Mavabyi lawa ya khumba nhlonge nati gills
Swikoweto: Ku titshuva ngopfu. Marhimila yotala. Kuphemeleleka ka ti fins/kumbe ti ulcers eka ti fins. Ku tikeriwa hiku hefemula.
Vutshunguri: Antswisa mbango laha kungana tihlampfi (water quality), munyu, Chloramine-T.

White Spot 'Ich'

©Kurt Buchmann
White spot (or ‘ich’) byi vangiwa hi parasite yantolovelo, leyi vaka kona ehansi ka 28℃.
Yitala ku hlasela xikan’we naku heta hlampfi matimba kutani yi hlasela nhlonge nati gills.
Swikoweto: Kutitshuva swinga heli. Mafambelo lawa kombisaka ku loloha, marhimila yotala, swipatsu swotala swobasa eka ti fins na miri.
Vutshunguri: Ku lawuriwa kakahle ka vufuwi na khwalithi ya mati xikanwe na mahiselo lawatshamisekeke. Formalin.

Algae Blooms

©Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
Algae bloom iku kula ngopfu ka nkuxu tani hileswi swihumelelaka eka swiyimo swakahle swokula – laha kungana kuvonakala na swakudya swa kahle. Aswitalangi ehansi ka mabaku yati net xikan’we nale ka ti ponds laha mati yanga fambeki (no running water) kumbe madamu. Nkuxu wun’wana wu humesa phoyizeni leyinga dlayaka tihlampfi.
Swikoweto: Mati ya hundzuka yotshuka, wasi, rihlaza kumbe buraweni. Tihlampfi titsandzeka ku hefemula- ti gills tipfariwa hi nkuxu. Nkuxu wunga thyakisa nyama ya hlampfi kutani swiva na xiave eka khwalithi ya nyama.
Vutshunguri: Lawula level ya nkuxu e matini. Papalata ku gandlana ka swakudya, ngopfu ngopfu ehansi ka mabaku yati net eka madamu yati trout. Tiyisisa leswaku mati ya khuluka naswona kuna moya wa kahle (increase oxygen levels) loko algae bloom yitshuka yive kona.

Cotton Wool Disease

©Dr George Barron, University of Guelph
Cotton wool disease yi vangiwa hi swin’wana leswi fanaka na nkuxu Saprolegnia, leswi tshamaka swirikona e matini. Switisa swiphiqo e matini lawa yanga tala hi swakudya kumbe yangana tihlampfi totala letinga fa kumbe ti bolaka. Trout ti hlaseriwa ngopfu hinkarhi lowu ti tshikelaka matandza.
Swikoweto: Fungus yi hangalaka na miri hinkwawo naswona yivanga leswaku kuva na swilo swobasa leswi fanaka na cotton-wool hi xivumbeko.
Vutshunguri: Antswisa mbango wa mati. Antswisa vulawuri bya vufuwi –kususiwa ka masiku hinkwawo ka tihlampfi letinga fa. Hunguta ntshikelelo naku vaviseka ka tihlampfi hikwalaho ka net kumbe ku khomiwa ka tona.

How to Treat Fish Diseases

Vukamberi byo helela byi fanele ku endliwa loko tihlampfi tingase tshunguriwa naswona mbuyelo xikan’we na swita ndzhaku swaku tshungula tihlampfi swifanele ku tekeriwa enhlokweni. Hlawula vutshunguri lebyi lulameleke xikan’we na matshungulelo. Xikombiso, hlawula eka matshungulelo yale matini (to be used in cages) kumbe murhi e swakudyeni.

Loko ku tshunguriwa tihlamfpi leti vabyaka hi murhi wuntshwa rosungula, sungula hiku ringeta eka ntlawa wuntsongo wa tihlampfi. Unga phameli tihlampfi kuringana 24 wa ti awara loko unga se tinyika murhi. Ku gayeriwa ka swakudya switirhisa moya naswona swina nkoka ku lhayisa moya wotala wa tihlamfpi.

Tiyisisa leswaku kuhlayelela ka wena xikan’we na mphakelo wa murhi swi endliwa kuya hi laha swinga lerisiwa hakona- tirhisa biomass leyingana ntiyiso (total weight of all the fish) xikan’we na nhlayo wa ntiyiso wa mati. Tiyisisa leswaku u tshungula wahari mixo minkarhi hinkwayo (at low water temperatures) kutani u languta hilaha tihlamfpi ti wutekisaka xiswona murhi.

Landzelela swipimelo minkarhi hinkwayo loko u tirhisa mimirhi na swidzidziharisi. Nkari lowu switekaka wona kuva murhi wu gayeleka leswaku wunga twali eka nyama.

Ku engetela eka murhi waku tshungula tihlampfi, antswisa mbango (water quality) kutani u papalata ntshikelelo kuya emahlweni kufana na ku khomiwa naku rhurhisiwa ka tihlampfi.

Hlayisa matsalwa ya vutshunguri lawa yangana masiku, muxaka wa vutshunguri, xivangelo xa vutshunguri, matikhomelo ya hlamfpi na swin’wana.

Translated by Ike Ngobeni