Izifo Eziqhelekileyo Kwimfuyo ye Ntlanzi ezise Manzini

©Dr David Crosby, VSU
Izifo neengxaki zempilo kumanzi amatsha entlanzi (Freshwater fish farming) zingenzeka ngenxa yemeko ezifana neentsholongwane, izinga lamanzi elisezantsi kunye nokungakhathali. Iimeko ezenza izifo zentlanzi ziquka intsholongwane, izifo, iincukuthu ne fungi.
Izifo zentlanzi zingacaciswa njengezo zosulelayo kunye nezo zingosuleliyo kwaye zingohluka phakathi kwentlobo ozohlukileyo.
Iintlobo zentlanzi ezikumanzi adikidiki (umzekelo :itilapia kunye catfish) zixhaphakile kwi epizooric ulcerative syndrome (EUS) logama iintlobo zamanzi abandayo ezifana ne rainbow trout zingazifumana lula izifo ezifana ne bacterial cold-water disease (BCWD) kunye ne rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) iRainbow trout ingafumana izifo ezimbini ezisemoyeni; viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) kunye ne Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), kodwa ezi azenzeki eMzantsi Afrika.

Iimpawu Zezifo kwi Ntlanzi

Amazinga obushushu aphezulu, izinga lamanzi angekho semgangathweni kunye nomvandedwa zenza izifo kwaye zenza zande izifo kwintlanzi. Amafama entlanzi kufuneka abene cebo xa kukho imeko engxamisekileyo xa kukho uqhambuko lwemeko zempilo kwintlanzi zabo. Oku kufuneka kuquke ukubona izifo kwangethuba, inxaso yalowo ungumhloli wezempilo ukuze kuqinisekiswe isifo sentlanzi kunye nokhuseleko loluntu, kufuneka abenamayeza avumelekileyo asemthethweni.
Kwimeko engxamiseke kakhulu, kufuneka kubekho icebo lokususa iintlanzi zisiwe kwelinye idami (elingenazo iintlanzi) kwaye elinezinga lamanzi elingcono lonyango.
Rhoqo (mihla le) jonga okokuba leliphi uphawu kwezimpawu zezifo kwi freshwater fish ozibonayo:
Ukwanda kokufa kwintlanzi (intlanzi ezifileyo ezininzi)
Iintlanzi zidada ngokucotha.
Intlanzi zidadela ngaselunxwemeni.
Iintlanzi zidadela emacaleni.
Iintlanzi zibonakalisa ukutshitsha kwibala, ukubonakalisa izilonda okanye ukubola.
Intlanzi itshintsha umbala.

I-Bacterial Gill Disease - BDG

Ikwaziwa ngokuba yi ‘environmental gill disease’, oku kwenziwa yi Flavobacterium kwaye lusuleleko lwesibini lwemiphunga ethe yonakaliswa zizinto eziqinileyo okanye amazinga aphezulu we ammonia emanzini.
Njani: Yenzeka xa umgangatho wemeko zamanzi ungaphucukanga kunye namazinga obushushu ephezulu.
Iimpawu: Ukutshatyalaliswa kwemiphunga (iindawo ezimhlophe, nezibhaxu ezifileyo) kunye nentsholongwane ezikhula kwimiphunga.
Unyango: Yenza ngcono iimeko zokuphila. Sebenzisa ityuwa engenayo i-iodine (1 kg per 1000 litha zamanzi), Chlorqamine-T.

Amaphiko kunye Nokubola Komsila Kwintlanzi

Olu suleleko lomsila kunye nempiko kwenziwa yi Flavobacterium kwaye ivela kwimeko zendalo ezingaphucukanga kunye nendawo ezinobushushu.
Iimpawu: Ububomvu bamaphiko obenzeka kwindawo ezimhlophe ezimbatshileyo ekupheleni kwempiko nomsila.
Unyango: lungisa indawo ezihlala kuyo. Sebenzisa ityuwa engenayo i-iodine, ne Chloramine-T.

I-Furunculosis kunye ne Aeromonas

©Dr David Crosby, VSU
Ezintsholongwane zezifo zenzeka kwintlanzi eziphantsi koxinzelelo, ngakumbi kwindawo ezinentlanzi ezininzi (iintlanzi ezininzi ezifakwe endaweni elinye), kumazinga amanzi ashushu kunye nomgangatho wamanzi ongaphucukanga.
Iimpawu: Imikhwinya emininzi emzimbeni kunye nendawo ezibomvu. Izibhaxu ezimhlophe kwisikhumba, izilonda kunye namehlo athe gqa.
Unyango: Ukunyanga usuleleko kwintsholongwane zosuleleko kunye nonyango lwe antibiotics kusuleleko (lwangaphakathi).

Costia

I-Costia sisimfimfingi esincinci, esikhawulezayo kwaye ziphuma xa iintlanzi ziphantsi koxinzeleleko ngenxa yokuba zintlanzi ezininzi zibe sendaweni enye okanye amanzi angekho sempilweni. Esisimfimfingi sisebenza kubushushu obuphakathi ko 20℃ ukuya ku 29℃ kwaye iyabulala kwintlanzi ezincinci.
Iimpawu: Ubumhlophe obufana nobisi (umdaka/ ubumhlophe) emzimbeni, ingakumbi emacaleni. Imikhwinya emininzi, ukuba bomvu kwesikhumba, ukuqhwanyaza okanye ubuzityikitya. (‘flashing’ kuxa intlanzi izityika ukususa iincukuthu ezilumayo)
Unyango: Ulimo olulungileyo, ityuwa, Chloramine-T, Formalin.

I-Trichodina

I-Trichodina sisifo esenziwa yincukuthu efumaneka kwindawo ezinobumdaka kunye nendawo ezinendalo (amanzi aphezulu kwi kwizicoco zendalo). Ezizifo zichaphazela isikhumba namaphiko.
Iimpawu: Ukuzikhuhla nokubhulula iincukuthu. Imikhwinya emininzi. Ukubola kwempiko kunye nezilonda kwimpiko. Ukupefumla nzima.
Unyango: lungisa indawo ehlala intlanzi (izinga lamanzi), ityuwa, Chloramine-T.

I-White Spot 'Ich'

©Kurt Buchmann
I-White spot okanye (ich’) yenziwa yincukuthu exhaphakileyo, eyenzeka kumaqondo angaphantsi ko 28℃. Ihlasela iintlanzi eziphantsi koxinzelelo kwaye yosulela isikhumba kunye namaphiko.
Iimpawu: ukuzikhuhla nokubhulula iincukuthu emzibeni. Ukutyhafa. Imikhwinya emininzi. Amabala amancinci amhlophe kwimpiko nomzimba.
Unyango: Ukugcinwa okulungileyo kunye namanzi akudidi oluphezulu nemeko zobushushu ezilungileyo. Formalin.

I-Algae Blooms

©Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
I-Algae bloom kukukhula okuninzi kobuhlaza emanzini kuba ikhula phantsi kwemeko zokukhula ezilungileyo – ukukhanya okwaneleyo nezinongo. Ixhaphakile ngephantsi kweminatha kunye nakwimilambo emileyo (engenawo amanzi abalekayo) okanye amadama. Okunye okuhlaza kungakhupha ubumdaka obungabulala intlanzi.
Iimpawu: Amanzi ajika abebomvu, luhlaza, hlaza okanye umbala omdaka. Kubanzima ukuphefumla kwintlanzi – impiko zigcwala oko kuhlaza. Oku hlaza kunga ngcolisa umzimba wentlanzi oko kuphazamise umgangatho wenyama.

I-Cottton Wool Disease

©Dr George Barron, University of Guelph
Isifo iCotton wool sensziwa yi Saprolegnia efana nokungunda, ehlala ikhona emanzini. Yenza iingxaki emanzini atyebileyo okanye anentlanzi ezifileyo ezininzi okanye ezitshona phantsi komhlaba. I-Trout isemngciphekweni kakhulu ngexesha layo lokubeka amaqanda.
Iimpawu: Ifungus iyanona emzimbeni yenze amaqhuma amhophe afana ne khotoni (cotton wool).
Unyango: Yenza ngcono indawo enamanzi. Lungisa indawo akuyo- ngokuthi ususe intlanzi ezifileyo mihla le. Nciphisa uxinzeleleko nokonakala emzimbeni ngexesha lomnatha nokuzibamba.

Zinyangwa Njani Izifo ze Ntlanzi

Kufuneka kuchazwe okokuba sikhona isifo phambi kokuba nayiphi na intlanzi inyangwe ifumane nenzuzo, kunye neengxaki ezingavela xa kunyangwa intlanzi, kufuneka zicingelwe.
Khetha olona nyango lulungileyo kunye nendlela yonyango. Umzekelo, khetha phakathi konyango lokuzivasa (lisetyenziswa kwindawo ezihlala intlanzi) okanye lifakwe ekutyeni.
Xa unyanga izifo zentlanzi ngeyeza elitsha okokuqala, uvavanyo lokuqala kufuneka libekwiqela elincinci lentlanzi. Ungazityisi iintlanzi iiyure ezingama 24 phambi kokuzinikeza iyeza. Indlela yokucola ukutya isebenzisa umoya kwaye kubalulekile ukugcina umoya owaneleyo intlanzi.
Qinisekisa izibalo zakho kunye nemilinganiselo yamayeza ngumlinganiselo onguwo- sebenzisa ibiomass eyiyo (ubunzima obupheleleyo bentlanzi zonke) kunye nobuninzi bamanzi ozaneleyo. Nyanga kwangethuba kusasa ( kubushushu obusezantsi bamanzi) ze ujonge iintlanzi ezizaku zibonakalisa ngayo.
Hlala ulandela amaxesha acetyisiweyo okuba uzipholise xa usebenzisa iikhemikhali kunye neziyobisi zokunyanga. Ixesha lokuzipholisa lixesha ezilithabathayo ukuze iyeza lisebenze lingene emzimbeni ukuze futhi kungabikho iintwana zeyeza enyameni.
Ukongeza kumayeza anyanga izifo zentlanzi, phucula indawo (umgangatho wamanzi) uzame uthintele naluphi na uxinxelelo olufana nokuphatha okanye ukuhambisa intlanzi.
Gcina iinkcukqacha zonyango ezinentsuku, uhlobo lonyango, izizathu zonyango, indlela intlanzi eye yabayiyo emveni konyango njalo njalo.

Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie