Umoya wesifutfo yindlela lapho khona emanti lamanti aguculwa abasifutfo semantic. Kulenchubo, emanti ayasuswa kulendzawo lengetulu leshisisako – ahambe ngetulu njengelwandle, emachibi, imifula, imihlabatsi kanye netibhidvo letimanti.
Umoya wesifutfo losuka elwandle noma emachibini uchubekela etulwini, kepha sifutfo lesisuka kumadamu lagciniwe sakhelwa kunnika emanti kwentela kunisela siyinkinga. Lamakhulu, langashoni emadamu etindzaweni letishisako, letomile akasiwo maningi kahle.
Yini Leyenta Sifutfo?
Emandla ayadzingeka kwentela kugucula tintfo temanti kusuka ekubeni manti kuya esifutfweni. Lemilayini yelilanga inika lawamandla, kepha kukhona tintfo letimbalwa letikhomba linani lesifutfo.Simo sekushisa/kubandza. Simo lesishisako lesiphakeme sikhulisa sifutfo.
Kufutfumala nebumantana. Umoya lowomile ukhulisa sifutfo.
Umoya. Leshisako, umoya lowomile ungamelela umoya lomantana nalofutfuemele kancane bese ukhokha sifutfo lesiphangisako. Lena yindlela lebalulekile lemcoka ku Orange River Lephansi, iVaalharts. iRiet River netindlela te Sandvet tekunisela kanye nasetindzaweni tekulima kusifundvo ku mimoya ye berg.
Lopholile, imimoya lefutfumele lemantana kusuka elwandle lolubandzako ukhulisa kufutfumala bese unciphisa linani lesifutfo.
Sifutfo Nesimo Selitulu saseNingizimu Afrika
iNingizimu Afrika ilele emilayinini-lesemkhatsini. Letitindzawo talesimo tilele lapho kungaba ngu 30 kuya ku 60 degrees eningizimu, nenyakatfo, yemilayini ledvwebeke emhlabeni wonkhe. Ngekwengeta, iNingizimu Afrika inesimo lesishisako/lesibandzako lesisetulu kanye nekufutfumala lokunebumantana lokuphansi, konkhe kungetetel tintfo enanini leliphakeme kakhulu lesifutfo.Sifutfo lesinendlela etindzaweni tekulima kutfola 500 mm yelitulu ngemnyaka sisemkhatsini wa 2 000 na 2 600 mm ngemnyaka. Catsanisa loku nendzawo lesenkhabeni ye Europe, letfola imvula lefanako. Lenandzawo inelitfuba lesifutfo selinani la 300 mm kuphela ngemnyaka, imvula lephakeme lesebenta kahle.
eNingizimu Afrika sifutfo sihambela kusuka ngaphansi kwa 1 400 mm ngemnyaka etindzaweni te Drakensberg/Maluti kuya ngetulu kwa 2 800 mm ngemnyaka kutinceenye te Kalahari. Kukhona lokuningu-noma-lokuphansi budlelwane phakatsi kwelinani lemvula kanye nelinani lesifutfo; kuphakama kwelitulu, kuncipha kwesifutfo.
Kubalulekile kwati kutsi linani lesifutfo leliphakeme kakhulu lisetindzaweni letinkhulu tetindlela tekunisela eNingizimu Afrika, njenge tindzawo te Orange River Lephansi, iVaalharts, iDouglas, iRama ne Barkley West.
Sifutfo ne Mhlabatsi
Lamantin latfwelwe emhlabatsi anesisindvo lesimcoka ekulahlekeni kwesifutfo. Sifutfo siphindze sisuka ngetulu kwa 15 kuya ku 20 cm wesigaba semhlaba.Sifutfo senteka ngekushesha lokukhulu kusuka ngetulu kwemhlaba emhlabatsini nekutfwalwa kwemanti lokudvute nelizinga lensimu. Lelizinga lensimu lwemhlabatsi ngulamanti lashiywe kulomhlabatsi ngemuva kwemanti langenile sekadvonsekile aphuma. Tikhala letinkhulu kulomhlabatsi tigcwaliswa ngemoya tibe leto letincane tibesolo tingakagcwali ngemanti.
Uma unisela, yetama kunciphisa sifutfo. Ungakwenta loku ngekukhulisa lizinga lensimu yemhlabatsi. Faka emanti lamaningi ngekunisela bese uyema ngendlela longakhona ngayo ngaphambi kwekuphindze unisele futsi – kuma lokudze emkhatsini wekunisela. Tsatsa lokukaleka kwetidzingo tenhlanyelo. Loku kukhulisa lesikhatsi lapho khona lomhlabatsi udvute nelizinga lensimu futsi unga, ngengucuko, unciphise lesifutfo.
Nomakunjalo, lokugcina lelingetulu lwemhlabatsi umanti ngekutsi unisele kancane kukhokha kulahleka kwesifutfo lesiphakeme.
Kuvala ngetjani noma tibhivo kanye nekuvala ngemhlabatsi kungasetjentiswa kwentela kunciphisa sifutfo kusuka emhlabatsini ngetulu.
Evapotranspiration
Sifutfo nekuhamba kuvela ngesikhatsi lesifanako. Sifutfo kulahleka kwemanti kusuka (emhlabatsini) ngetulu kube kuhamba kulahleka kwemanti ngendlela yemanti langumoya kusuka emacembeni esitjalo.Nakulinywa, cishe yonkhe le evapotranspiration sifutfo kusuka ngetulu emhlabatsini, kepha njengobe lenhlanyelo ikhulisa kakhulu lomhlabatsi ngetulu uvalwa ngulamacembe enhlanyelo. Naseligcwele lelicembe, lokungetulu kwa 90% kwe evaprotranspiration kuchamuka ekuhambeni.
iEvapotranspiration lenelitfuba yi evapotranspiration yelinani kusuka etjanini lobusengakakhetfwa lobungetulu netintfo letitsite naleto letingasiko timfisha ngemanti. Loku kusetjentiswa njengendlela yekukalela ngemanti ladzingekako atotonkhe letinhlobo.
Translated by Phindile Malotana