Umhwamuko yindlela yokukhipha amanzi aguqulwa khona abe ngamanzi. Enkambeni, amanzi asuswa emanzini asuka emoyeni njengama-olwandle, amachibi, imifula, inhlabathi nemifino emanzi.
Ukukhuphuka kwamanzi olwandle noma amachibi kuzoholela emvuleni, kodwa ukukhuphuka kwamadamu okugcina okwakhiwa ukuze kutholakale amanzi okunisela kuyinkinga. Amadamu amakhulu, angajulile ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezomile azifani kahle.
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Amandla adingekayo ukuze ashintshe ama-molecule yamanzi asuka emanzini kuze kube ngumoya. Imisebe yelanga inikeza leli gesi, kodwa kunezici ezimbalwa ezinquma izinga lokushisa.Ukushisa. Ukushisa okuphakeme kakhulu kwanda ukukhuphuka.
Umswakama. Umoya omile wandisa ukuphuma kwamanzi.
Umoya. Umoya oshisayo, owomile uzothatha isikhundla somoya omanzi futhi uzophumela ekukhuphukeni okusheshayo. Lesi yisici esibalulekile kuMfula oMfula i-Lower Orange, i-Vaalharts, i-Riet River ne-Sandvet nakwezindawo zokulima ngaphansi kwemimoya ye-berg.
Emoyeni, umoya omanzi ovela olwandle obandayo ukwandisa umswakama futhi unciphisa izinga lokukhuphuka.
Umhwamuko Nesimo Sezulu saseNingizimu Afrika
INingizimu Afrika ihlala phakathi kwamaphakathi. Lezi zindawo ezizungezile ziyindawo engaba yi-30 kuya ku-60 degrees eningizimu, nasenyakatho, ye-equator. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNingizimu Afrika inezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kanye nomswakama ophansi, zonke izimbangela ezibangela izinga lokukhuphuka kakhulu.Ukufudumala kwamandla ezindaweni zokulima ezithola imvula engu-500 mm ngonyaka kuphakathi kuka-2 000 no-2 600 mm ngonyaka. Qhathanisa lokhu endaweni ephakathi kweYurophu, ethola imvula efanayo ngonyaka. Le ndawo inezinga lokukhuphuka kwamamitha angu-300 kuphela ngonyaka, ukusebenza kahle kwemvula ephakeme kakhulu.
Eningizimu Afrika i-evaporation isukela ngaphansi kwe-1 400 mm ngonyaka ezindaweni ezingaphansi kweDrakensberg / Maluti ukuya ezingaphezu kwama-2 800 mm ngonyaka kwezinye izingxenye zeKalahari. Kukhona ubudlelwane obuningi-noma obungaphansi obuphakathi kokungena kwemvula kanye nokuphuma kwamanzi; ukuphakama kwemvula, kwehlisa ukuqhuma kwamanzi.
Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokukhuphuka kwamandla aseNingizimu Afrika, njengezindawo eziphansi ze-Orange River, Vaalharts, Douglas, Rama naseBarkley West.
Umhwamuko Nomhlabathi
Okuqukethwe kwamanzi omhlabathi kunomthelela obalulekile ekulahlekeni kokuphuma kwamanzi. Ukwanda kwe-Evaporation kuvela ikakhulukazi kwendlalelo enhlabathini engaphezulu kuka-15 kuya kwangu-20.Ukwanda kwe-evaporation kwenzeka ngokushesha kakhulu emhlabathini onomhlabathi onokuqukethwe kwamanzi eduze komthamo wensimu. Umthamo wensimu enhlabathini yilawo amanzi asele enhlabathini ngemuva kokuthi amanzi amaningi adle. Ama-pores amakhulu enhlabathini agcwele umoya namanzi kuyilapho ama-pores amancane namanje egcwele amanzi.
Uma unisela, zama ukunciphisa ukugeleza kwamanzi. Ungakwenza lokhu ngokukhulisa umthamo womkhakha wenhlabathi. Faka amanzi amaningi ngokunisela futhi ulinde isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokunisela futhi-isikhathi eside phakathi kokunisela. Cabanga ukulinganiselwa kwezidingo zamanzi ezitshalo. Lokhu kwandisa isikhathi lapho inhlabathi iseduze nomthamo wensimu futhi ingakwazi ukunciphisa ukukhuphuka kwamanzi.
Kodwa-ke, ukugcina indawo yomhlabathi imanzi ngokunisela ukukhanya okuvamile kuholela ekulahlekeni okuphezulu kokuphuza.
Izindwangu kanye nezimbozo zomhlabathi ezifanayo zingasetshenziswa ukunciphisa ukufudumala kusuka enhlabathini yomhlaba.
Ukulahlekelwa Kwamanzi Emhlabeni Nasezitshalweni
Ukuphuma kwe-evaporation nokuphefumula kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo.Ukusuka kwamanzi kuwukulahlekelwa kwamanzi kusukela emhlabathini (umhlabathi) ngenkathi ukuphefumula kungukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ngendlela yokushisa amanzi emagqabeni esitshalo.
Lapho kuhlwanyela, cishe yonke i-evapotranspiration ikhuphuka emhlabathini, kodwa njengoba isitshalo sikhula ngaphezulu komhlabathi kuvuleka amaqabunga ezitshalo. Ekhava eligcwele lamaqabunga, ngaphezulu kuka-90% we-evapotranspiration ivela ekuphefumuleni.
I-evapotranspiration engase ibe yinkinga ye-vapotranspiration evela endaweni yokucubungula utshani obunomqondo obunembile enezici ezithile futhi ezingakaze zifinyelele emanzini. Lokhu kusetshenziswe njengendlela evamile yokulinganisa imfuneko yamanzi yazo zonke ezinye izitshalo.
Translated by Nsika Khoza