Ku haha ka mat ii ndlela leyi mati tani hi xihalaki ya cinciwaka hakona ya hundzuka water vapour. Hindlela yoleyo, mati ya susiwa kusuka etshakwini leri manga eka rona – kufana na lwandle, tiva, milambu, misava nale ka swimilani laha kutsakamaka.
Ku haha ka mati kusuka e lwandle kumbe tiva swivanga mpfula, kambe kuhaha ka mati kusuka eka madamu ya nhlayiso lawa yanga akeriwa ku hlayisa mati ya ncheleto i xiphiqo. Madamu lawa kulu lawa yanga enta eka tindzhawu leti hisaka, tinga oma aya pfuni nchumu.
Swivangiwa hi Yini ku Tlhandluka ka Mati?
Matimba ya laveka ku cinca ti molecules ta mati kusuka eka swihalaki kuya eka nkahelo. Miseve ya dyambu hiyona yitisaka matimba, kambe kuna swilo swintshwa leswi hlamuselaka rivilo raku haha ka mati.Mahiselo. Mahiselo ya le henhla ya engetelela ku haha ka mati.
Ku tsakama. Moya woo ma wu engetelela ku haha ka mati.
Moya. Moya wo hisa, woo ma wuta teka vundzhawu bya moya wotsakama naswona swita tisa kuhatlisa ka kuhaha ka mati. Leyi i mhaka ya nkoka swinene e Lower Orange River, Vaalharts, Riet River na swikimi swa nchelelto swa Sandvet xikan’we na tindzhawu letinga ehansi ka mimoya yale ntshaveni.
Moya wo hola, wotsakama kusuka eka lwandle leri titimelaka wu nyanyisa kutsakama kutani wuhunguta rivilo raku haha ka mati.
Kuhaha ka Mati na Maxelo ya Afrika Dzonga
Afrika Dzonga riwela eka tindzhawu letingariki e henhla ngopfu. Tindzhawu leti tikwalomu ka 30 kuya eka 60 degrees e dzongeni, na n’walungu wa equator. Ku engetela kwalano, Afrika Dzonga yina mahiselo yale henhla kutani kunga tsakami ngopfu, leswi hinkwaswo swi hoxaka xandla eka kuhaha ka mati ka xiyimo xale henhla.Ku haha ka mati lokungavaka kona e mapurasini lawa ya kumaka timpfula ta 500 mm hi lembe a swiri exikarhi ka 2 000 na 2 600 mm hi lembe. Pimanyisa leswi na ndzhawu leyingale xikarhi ka Europe, leyikumaka mpfula leyifanaka hi lembe. Ndzhawu leyi yingava na rivilo leri hahisaka mati ya 300 mm hi lembe ntsena, mpfula yale henhla nyana.
E Afrika Dzonga mati yah aha exikarhi ka 1 400 mm hi lembe e tindzhawini ta Drakensberg/Maluti kuya eka kutlula 2 800 mm hi lembe eka swiphemu swa Kalahari. Kuna vuxaka lebyi fanaka nyana exikarhi ka mpfula yale xikarhi xikan’we na kuhaha ka mati; loko mpfula yiri henhla, kuva na nhlayo yale hansi ya mati lawa ya hahaka. Swina nkoka kutiva leswaku kuna mati yale henhla lawa ya hahakaeka tindzhawu leti cheletiwaka e Afrika Dzonga, kufana nale Lower Orange River, Vaalharts, Douglas, Rama nale Barkley West.
Ku Haha ka Mati na Misava
Mati lawa yanga emisaveni yana xiave xa nkoka eka ku lahlekeriwa hi mati. Ku haha ka mati switala ku humelela eka misava yale henhla ya 15 kuya eka 20 cm ya leyara ya misava.Kuhaha ka mati swihumelela hiku hatlisa swinene kusuka eka tshaku ra misava leyingana mati lawa yanga tala ngopfu. Mati lawa yanga sala emisaveni hi lawa yavaka ya sele endzhaku kaloko mati yotala ya humile eka misava. Timbhovo totala emisaveni tipfariwa hi moya na mati loko leswintsongo swiva swaha tele hi mati.
Loko kaha cheletiwa, ringeta ku hunguta kuhaha ka mati. Unga endla leswi hikuva u tatisa rivala hi mati emisaveni. Chela mati kuya hilaha unga kotaka hikona kutani u yima kufikela laha unga kotaka hakona loko unga se cheleta nakambe - swivandla swoleha exikarhi ka ncheleto. Tekela enhlokweni swipimelo swa swilaveko swa swimilani swa mati. Leswi swi engetelela nkarhi lowu misava leyinga ekusuhi no tala hi mati yi hungutaka kuhaha ka mati hakona.
Hambiswiritano, kutsakamisa ntsena tshaku ra misava hiku cheleta kantsongo swinelda leswaku ku lahleka mati yotala swinene.
Ku ndlalela xikan’we na swin’wana swo ndlalela leswifanaka swinga tirhisiwa ku hunguta kuhaha ka mati emisaveni.
Evapotranspiration
Kuhaha ka mati emisaveni naku haha ka mati hi nkahelo ematlukeni ya ximilani swihumelela hinkarhi wun’we. Ku haha ka mati emisaveni loko kuhaha ka mati hinkahelo kusuka ematlukeni ya ximilani.Loko ku byariwa, kwalomu ka hikwako kuhaha ka mati evapotranspiration swi hlayiwa tani hiku haha ka mati emisaveni, kambe loko swimilani swiya swikula, misava yikuma ndzhuti wa matluka. Ku pfariwa loku heleleke ka matluka, ku tlula 90% wa evapotranspiration swihumelela kusuka ematlukeni ya swimilani.
Evapotranspiration i nhlayo leyi languteriweke ya evapotranspiration kusuka eka byasi lebyinga emisaveni leyingana swihlawulekisi swokarhi leswinga kayiveriki mati. Leswi switirhisiwa tani hi maendlelo ya kahle kungari kuya hi swilaveko swa mati eka swibyariwa leswin’wana.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni