Ukukhiqizwa Kwerharinadi eSewula Africa

© Marinda Louw
Eminyakeni eyedlulla eyi-4 000 eyadlulako isthelo esinesikhumba esingange apula esinembewu ebomvu saduma khulu e-Central Asia kanye ne-Persia (Iran) esibizwa bona sisa apula elinembewu nanyana (i-Punica granatum ngesilathini) Irharinadi sele lirhatjhekele epumalanga netjingalanga ukuya emfundeni ezitjhisako nezomileko zeNdiya, Asia Minor kanye neTlhagwini yeMediterraean begodu lathulwa ebahlalini be-Amerikha barhwebi be-Spain.
Ikhula emithini elihlathi, irharinadi lineskhumba esiqinileko okuya ngokobana mhlobo bani ayahluka ngombala – amanye asarulana lokha amanye anombala obomvu ukuya kophephuli. Imbewu engaphakathi kwawo ingadliwa ifretjhi, nanyana kwenziwe ngayo ijuzi, amakelo waso asetjenziswa enhlahleni ze-Ayurvedic kanye neze-ethic.

Isthelwesi simthombo omuhle wama-antioxidant begodu iimbewu zerharinadi zimthombo omuhle we punicic acid (antioxidant, begodu ziqeda ukuvuvuka) begodu zisetjenziswa entweni zokuhlamba nezokutlhogomela iskhumba.

Imbalobalo Zemikhiqizo Werharinadi eSewula Africa

©Louise Brodie
Ukukhiqizwa kwerharinadi eSewula Africa kuthome ngeminyaka yabo-2000 begodu sele kukhulu kwatjalwa emahekutheni ayi-930 ngonyaka ka-2018. Imiraro ekuthomeni gade kumalwelwe abamba istjalwesi (i-black spot) imetheriyali yestjalo engeniswe enarhini le ivela enarheni yeNdiya ngonyaka ka-2003 wehla ngebanga lokobana gade sele babanengi abayikhiqizako enarheni le ngonyaka ka-2003 begodu ngonyaka ka-2005 ibubulo lamarharinadi eSewula Africa gade sele likhula.
Umkhiqizo werharinadi eSewula Africa use-Western Cape (80%) lapha amanye amarharinadi atjalwa esifundeni seLimpopo endaweni ye-Orange River area, kanye nesifundeni se-Sourthen Cape. Ngonyaka lo ka-(2018) iSewula Africa ngenye yenarha ezikulu zeTjhingalanga ezikhiqiza irharinadi zilisabalalisa nephasi loke. Iinarha eziphalisana nayo yi-(Peru) (-74%) Chili (-14%) kanye ne-Argentina (4%).
Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2012 ukuya kwewaka-2017, ukurhweba ngerharinadi lisiwa kwezinyeiinarha sele kungezeleleke kwafika ka-141% kodwana ngonyaka ka-2018 kwehle nge-(19%) Ngonyaka ka-2018 kwathengiswa ayi1, 17 Million kwaphela (ekuyi-3.8kg iunidi) athengiselwaezinye iinarha, lokha nakumadaniswa nayi-1,44 Million ngonyaka ka-2017. Isomiso sangonyaka ka-2017/ukuya kwewaka-2018 isifunda se-Western Cape senza bona ukhiqizo werharinadi esiwa eenarheni zangaphandle wehle. Nanyana irharinadi lithanda iindawo ezomileko, ezifuthumeleko, lokha nayingatholi amanzi aneleko iinthelo zalo ziyancipha kanye nobukhulu balo.
Iinarha ezingenisa isthelo serharinadi enarheni le zintathu yi-Europe, the Middle East kanye ne-UK. Hlangana nonyaka ka-2012 ukuya kwaka-2018 irharinadi elithunyelwe enarheni ye-Russia sele lingezeleke nge-105% lokha lithunyelwa enarheni ye-Middle East sele lingezeleleke nge-455%.
I-Sewula Africa ithumela irharinadi enarheni ye-Israel, khulukhulu. Isivumelwano sokurhweba hlangana nenarhezi asivumi bona iinarha ze-Spain kanye neze-Italy zilethe irharinadi enarheni le ngombana bakhiqiza umhlobo oncono walo. Eminye imihlobo efana ne-Big Fool’ kanye ne-‘Kingdom’ sele ihloliwe (ngaphasi kwelayisensi) yeSewula Africa.
Iimbalobalo ze-Packhouse zinikele nganazi iimbalobalo zerharinadi elikhiqizwa eSewula Africa: Kungeniswa i-80% enarheni le, kusetjenziswe eliyi-11%, eliyi-9% lonakale. Elonakelekweli ngelinebharasi nanyana elinamalwelwe, elingafaneleki kobana kungenziwa ngalo ijuzi. Inengi lerharinadi eyonakelekweli liphiwa iinkomo kanye nemfarigi.
Umhlobo werharinadi elikhiqizwa khulu eSewula Africa yi-Wonderful (68%), Herskovitz (14%) kanye ne-Acco (10%). Umhlobo werharinadi i-Kessari/Baghwa mhlobo othengiswa khulu eSewula Africa ngombana ikhwalithi yawo eyisiyihle kobana kungarhwetjwa ngalo.
Iintjalo ezinengi ezitja zerharinadi eSewula Africa zisesifundeni seLimpopo lapha kutjalwe khona ama-hectare ayi-250 ukuya ku-300 atjalwe unyaka lo ngonyaka ka-2019. Inthelo eziseLimpopo zingavunwa ekupheleni kwakaTjhirhweni, ukwenzela bona zirhone ukufika eenarheni eziphalisana nazo ezifana nezePeru. Iingadi zentjalo ezitja zerharinadi zitjalwe umhlobo werharinadi i-Wonderful kanye ne-Acco. Esifundeni se-Western Cape kutjalwe umhlobo we-‘Angel Red’ (Okumhlobo we-America).

Ukutjalwa Kwamarharinadi

©Marinda Louw
Amarharinadi athanda indawo etjhisako – ubusika obumakhaza kanye nehlobo elitjhisako. Liyazwela lokha kunomoya kanye nombethe. Ubujamo bezulu obutjhisako burholela ekutheni libe nenkowani.
Imithi itlhoga ukupruniwa begodu iyazuza lokha nayiphungulwa eziqu ngaphasi nanyana nayiphungulwa iintjalo ezinengi ngemva kokobana sele ithelile. (Lokha imithi yamarharinadi ithela iinthelo ezitja nalokha sele zithoma ukuphuma ijamo).
Irharinadi kufanele livikelwe enunwaneni (i-false codling moth, aphids, mealybug, scale, thrips, mites, whitefly, nematodes) Kanye namalwelwe.
Amarharinadi angaphuka phakathi, abharase, alimale lokha nakafakwe esiqandisini nanyana angakheki kuhle.
Imithi yerharinadi ikhula beyikhiqize iinthelo iminyaka edlula ayi-30. Ukuhlela kuhle, isistumu yokuthelelela Kanye nomhlobo werharinadi oyikhethako iqakathekile lokha nawuzokuthoma ingadi yamarharinadi. Ukutjala amarharinadi ngehloso yokurhweba nawo kutlhoga bona ubenelwazi elivela kubosiyazi nanyana wenzelwe ngusiyazi wenthelo.
Ihlangano yabakhiqizi bamarharinadi i-Pomegranate Producers Association of South Africa (POMASA) yasungulwa ngonyaka ka-2009 begodu ngeyokobana abatjali bawo, abarhwebi bawo, amavikili athengisa imithi yawo Kanye nabarhubhululi ngawo babelane ngelwazi enarheni YeSewula Africa (POMASA).

Imiraro Ngokutjala Amarharinadi

Ukutjala amarharinadi eSewula Africa kungabamraro lokha ikhwalithi yamanzi ingasiyihle, ubujamo bezulu kwezinye iindawo Kanye nokungabi namarhono nelwazi kwabafuyi abatjha. Irhubhululo elingezelelweko lendlela zokulawula iinunwana, imihlobo emitjha yamarharinadi Kanye ne-technology encono efana namakhemikhali amihlobohlobo atlolisiweko angangezelela ukuthunyelwa kwamarharinadi kwezinye iinarha.

Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana