Kunobudlelwako obunqophileko hlangana kwepilo yehlabathi kunye nepilo yeentjalo, kuhlathulula u-Alan Rosenberg encwadini yakhe i-Global Health in Crisis - the answer lies in the soil.
Isizathu: ihlabathi nayinothe khulu, iintjalo zinamathuba amancani wokuhlaselwa malwelwe ahlotjaniswa neentjhabalalisi namanye amalwelwe. Ngamanye amagama, ihlabathi nayinepilo ehle, kulokha iintjalo ezikhula kiyo zizoba nepilo ehle. Ngalokhoke, amalwelwe neentjhabalalisi zitjengisa ihlabathi enganapilo ehle.
Nepilo Yesitjalo
Ubudlelwano hlangana nepilo yeentjalo kunye nepilo yehlabathi buvezwe ngusobhayiloji wama-French, u-Francis Chaboussou. U-Chaboussou weza nethiyori ye-trophobiosis eveza bona iintjhabalalisi ziyalamba lokha iintjalo zinepilo ehle.
Iintjhabalalisi ziphila eentjalweni lapho ekwakhela khona amanzi aneswigiri, i-amino esidi kunye namaminerali asemaselini weentjalo. Iintjalo ezikhula zinepilo zine-metabolism esebenzako lapho iswigiri, ama-amino esidi kunye namaminerali asemaselini asetjenziswa khona ngesilinganiso esifana naleso ekhiqizwa ngazo. Amanzi wemaselini weentjalo, ngalokho, akawatholi kuhle ama-substance lawa, begodu akaneli kuhle bona iintjhabalalisi zingawasebenziswa njenge-substance nokobana ziziphindaphinde.
Ukusetjenziswa kwama-agrochemicals kuphazamisa i-metabolism yeentjalo kurholele ekwehleni kwe-synthesis yamaphrotheyini bekwandise nama-amino esidi emaselini weentjalo okwenza bona iintjalo zithandeke eentjhabalalisini. Okhunye, ukungezelelwa kwe-nitrogen kungarholela ekutheni kukhiqizeke ama-amino esidi amanengi khulu ukudlula lawa adingekako.
Kuqakathekile bona umnqopho ususwe ezakhini mzimba zeentjalo usiwe ezakhini mzimba zehlabathi. Izakhamzimba ezilungileko zehlabathi zandisa ama-microbes wehlabathi ekungiwo enza ncono ukunotha kwehlabathi, ukutholakala kwama-nutrients kunye nokungenelela kancani kancani kwamanzi ehlabathini.
Umbono lona uvunywa nayiYunivesithi ye-California publication, ukulawula ipilo yehlabathi kungehlisa iintjabalalisi. Incwadi lena iveza bona ‘ukulawula ipilo yehlabathi kuyafuneka ekulawuleni iintjhabalalisi’.
Ipilo Yehlabathi
Ihlabathi inepilo ehle lokha ubujamo bayo bulingana kuhle ngokwegazi/-biological, ngokwamakhemikhali kunye nangokwemvelo-ubujamo lobu buyathelelana. Isibonelo, ubujamo bemvelo behlabathi ejama amanzi bungarholela ekuthemi ilahlekelwe yi-nitrogen, okubujamo bekhemikhali. I-nitrate (okumhlob we-nitrogen) buyehla begodu bungalahleka ngendlela yerhasi ye-nitrogen (N2). Lokha iintjalo nazigandelelekileko ngonobangela wobujamo behlabathi (isomiso, i-pH, ukutlhogeka kwe-nitrogen, i-compation etc.) irhono lawo lokuzivikela eentjhabalalisini kunye nemalwelweni liyehla.
I-organic matter yeghlabathi isithomo sepilo ehle yehlabathi. Ihlabathi ephilileko, ezele i-organic matter inama-microorganisms wehlabathi ahlukahlukeneko arhelebha ekuhlukaniseni i-organic matter nokulandelana kokuphuma kwama-nutrients akhona esitjalweni.
Ama-microorganisms ehlabathini anenzuzo eentjalweni ngeendlela ezinengi. Imilwana ethileko, efana ne-Bacillus, ingathunda ama-antibiotics angavikela iintjalo emalwelweni ngomzuzu ihlahlambise ukukhula kwemirabho yesitjalo. Imizoka yehlisa i-compaction ehlabathini ngomzuzu i-mycorrhizal fungi irhelebha ukwenza ncono ukusetjenziswa kwe-phosphorus.
Igadango lokuthoma ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokobana ipilo yeentjalo iyahluma kuqinisekisa bona ihlabathi inepilo ehle ngokufaka ama-organic matter amanengi (ivundela, i-mulch, i-planting cover crops, etc.) ukusekela ama-microbes wehlabathi ahlukahlukeneko.
Okutjengisa Ihlabathi Enepilo
Iintjalo ezinepilo zitjengisa kuhle ipilo yehlabathi. Ihlabathi enepilo isekela inani eliphezulu lama-microbes wehlabathi. Lokhu kufaka hlangana imizoka kunye nezinye iinlwanyana ezihlala ehlabathini.
Ukukhukhuleka nokukokorana kwengaphezulu lehlabathi ngemva kokutjala kutjengisa bona kukhona akungakalungi ngehlabathi begodu nokobana ama-nutrients awekho nofana akatholakali esitjalweni.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana