Kuna vuxaka lebyi kongomanaka exikarhi ka rihanyo ra misava na ra swimilani, ku hlamusela Alan Rosenberg eka buku yayena ya Global Health in Crisis - the answer lies in the soil.
Xivangelo: loko misava yinonile swinene, swi endla leswaku swimilani swinga hlaseriwi hi switsotswani leswi swikarhataka xikan’we na mavabyi. Hi marito yan’wani, loko misava yi hanye kahle na swimilani switava swi hanye kahle. Leswi swivula leswaku, mavabyi na switsotswani i szwikombiso swa misava leyinga hanyangiki kahle.
Rihanyo Ra Swimilani
Vuxaka exikarhi ka rihanyo ra misava na swimilani switumbuluxiwe hi mutivi wa biology wa mu Furwa (French), Francis Chaboussou. Chaboussou u endle vutivi bya trophobiosis lebyi vulaka leswaku switsotswani aswikumi swakudya eka ximilani lexinga hanya kahle.
Switsotswani swihanya kahle swinene eka ximilani lexingana chukele rotala ngopfu leringa n’okeki, ti amino acids nati minerali eka ximilani. Swimilani leswi kulaka swihanye kahle swina mpfuvelo lowungana matimba laha machukele lawa, ti amino acids nati minerali switirhisiwaka hi swimilani hindlela leyi swi akiwaka ha yona. Ti cell fluids ta ximilani, atina swona swilo leswi hinkwaswo naswona atina switsotswani sworinganela kuva switi tirhisa xikan’we nakuva ti hanya titlhela ti andzisana.
Ku tirhisiwa kati agrochemicals swikavanyeta mpfuvelo wa swakudya wa swimilani leswi nonokisaka protein synthesis naku kula ka nhlayo yati amino acids eka ti cells ta swimilani leswi endlaka leswaku ximilani xikoka rinoko ra switsotswani. Hile tlhelo ku engetelela ka ku cheriwa ka nitrogen swinga endla leswaku kuva na ku humelerisiwa kutlula mpimo eka ti amino acids.
Swina nkoka leswaku ku tshikiwa ku langutiwa ka swakudya swa swimilani kuya eka swakudya swa misava. Swakudya swa misava leswi ringaneleke swita tlakusa ti microbes ta misava leswi swingata antswisa kunona ka misava, vukona bya swakudya xikan’we na ku nghenelela ka mati.
Vonelo leri ritlhela ri tiyisisiwa hi tsalwa ra University ya California, Managing for Soil Health Can Suppress Pests. Tsalwa leri rivula leswaku ‘ku lawuriwa ka rihanyu ra misava swingava xiphemu xankoka swinene eka vulawuri bya switsotswani’.
Rihanyo Ra Misava
Misava yiva yi hanye kahle swinene loko swiyimo swa ntivo mbango (biology), ti khemikhali na xiyimo swiringanela-swiyimo leswi swa hlohletelana. Xikombiso, xiyimo xa misava laha kunga tala mati swinga endla leswaku kuva na kulahleka ka nitrogen, leswinga xiyimo xati khemikhali. Nitrate (hi xivumbeko xa nitrogen) xi tlhantlheka naswona kutava na ku lahleka hi xivumbeko xa nitrogen gas (N2). Loko swimilani swiri ehansi ka ntshikelelo hikokwalaho ka xiyimo xa misava (dyandza, pH, mpfumaleko wa swakudya, ku gandleka na swin’wana.) ku kondzelela kaswona eka switsotswana na mavabyi swa hunguteka.
Organic matter ya misava hiyona mhaka nkulu yaku hanya kahle ka misava. Misava leyi hanyeke kahle, leyi fuweke hi organic matter yina ti microorganisms ta misava to hambana hambana leti pfunetaka eka ku fayeleriwa ka ti organic matter xikan’we naku chuchiwa ka swakudya leswaku swiva kona eka ximilani.
Ti microorganisms eka misava tinga vuyerisa ximilani hi tindlela totala swinene. Ti bacteria, to fana na Bacillus, tinga humesa ti antibiotics letinga sirhelelaka swimilani eka mavabyi loko tin’wana tihlohletela kukula ka timintsu ta swimilani. Tixikwa ti hunguta ku gandlana ka misava loko ti mycorrhizal fungi ti pfuneta ku antswisa kutirhisiwa ka phosphorus.
Goza rosungula ku tiyisisa swimilani leswi hanyeke kahle iku tiyisisa misava leyi hanyeke kahle hikuva kukatsiwa organic matter (manyoro, swondlalela, ku byala swimilani swo engetelela, na swin’wani) ku seketela ti microbes ta misava to hambana hambana.
Swikombiso Swa Rihanyo Ra Misava
Swimilani leswi hanyeke kahle i xikombiso nkulu xa misava leyi hanyeke kahle. Misava leyi hanyeke kahle yi seketela nhlayo yale henhla yati microbes ta misava. Leswi swikatsa tixikwa na swin’wana leswi hanyaka emisaveni.
Ku khukhuriwa ka misava naku tiyela kayona etshakwini endzhaku ka kubyariwa swi kombeta leswaku kuna lexinga hoxeka hi misava naswona swakudya swa lahleka kumbe aswikona eka ximilani.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni