Ukuprosesiwa kwemikhiqizo efretjhi ukwenzela ukukhupha ijuzi kiwo kufaka hlangana ukudlula ukuputjuzela ijuzi leyo eemumathini. Umnqopho kungezelela isikhathi sokobana umkhiqizo loyo ungonakali msinya, ukwenzela bona uhlale unambitheka kamnandi, uhlale unombalo wawo wamambala nekhwalithi ehle kunye nokungezelela i-value emkhiqizweni yezelimo engakafaneli ukuthengiswa njengomkhiqizo ofretjhi.
Imigomo yokuprosesa ijuzi ifaka hlangana ukuphathwa ngendlela efaneleko komkhiqizo ovuniweko (e.g. ukuthuthwa kwawo, ukuyihlukanisa kunye nokuqandisa), ukuphepha kokudla, ukuprosesa kunye nekambiso yokupaka, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi njalo.
Ezinye iinthelo nofana imirorho zidinga iindlela zokuprosesa ezithileko ngokuya kwebumbeko lesithelo nofana isakhiwo (i-fruit morphology) kunye nokwakheka. Isibonelo, i-Aloe ferox angeze yaprosesiwa ngendlela efanako naleyo ekuprosesiwa ngayo amaperegisi njengombana isenzwesi singakhupha ijuzi efana nejeli emapregisini. Iinthelo ezinamakelo angadliwako ezifana namapenabhula zidinga ukukelwa nawuziqathanisa nalezo zomomori ongaziputjuza ziphelele.
Indlela Yokwenza iJuzi
Umgomo sisekelo wokwenza ijuzi kuphula kwama-cell walls wesithelo/umrorho, ukuvumela izakhamzimba eziputjuziweko kunye namanzi nomthiya bona kuphume. Zine iinsetjenziswa ezihlukahlukeneko ezisetjenziswa ukukhupha ijuzi kusukela kilezo ezisetjenziswa ngesandla ukuya kwezemitjhini ezikghona ukuputjuza amathani amanengi weenthelo qobe i-awara.
Kunomehluko okhona eendleleni ekuphathwa ngazo iinthelo zomhlobo ohlukahlukeneko, ngalokho kuzokuhlathululwa umhlobo ojayelekileko kwaphela:
Ngemva kokuhlolisisa nokuhlukanisa iinthelo ezivuniweko, ziyahlanzwa beziqandiswe. Kulesi isigaba, ezinye iinthelo zingabekwa ukwenzela bona zivuthwe ukuya phambili besekuthi ezinye iinthelo kujanyiswe ukuvuthwa kwazo ukuvumela bona zikwazi ukusetjenziswa endleleni yokwenza ijuzi ngesikhathi esihleliweko.
Ngokuya kokomhlobo wesithelo, ibese iyakeliwa, ikhutjhwe imbewu ngaphambili kobana isikelelwe iputjuzwe. I-pulp edege leyo ivangwa ne-macerating enzayimu erhelebha ukuphula ama-cell walls wometheriyali womthiya nofana ne-pectin kunye ne-cellulose. Umvango we-enzayimu lona esikhathini esinengi ulandelwa yindlela yokwenza yokutjhisa engezelela ukuphuma kwejuzi kuma-cells. Ukutjhisokhu kubuye kwenze bona isithelo sithambe, kubulale ama-enzayimu wesithelo bekwehlise i-microbial ekhona esithelweni.
Kubese kulandele ukuputjuza nokukhutjwa kwejuzi okulandelwa kusefa nokususa iinrhirirhiri ejuzini. Emajuzini layo ukobonakala sengathi akakahlanzeki kuhle kungakavumeleki, kusetjezniswa iindlela ezifana ne-centrifugation kunye ne-filtration ukukhiqiza ijuzi ebonakala ihlwengekile.
Ngesikhathi seendlela zokwenza lezi, ijuzi yeenthelo ingenwa mumoya okhuthaza i-enzymatic browning, ubulale izakhamzimba, utjhugulule umnambitheko begodu bewone ikhwalithi yejuzi. Ukususa umoya kwenziwa ngokukhupha ijuzi etjhisako ekamerweni levakhyumu nofana kuqarhwe ijuzi nge-nutrogen kunye ne-carbon dioxide.
Ijuzi nanyana i-pulp iyahlolisiswa bese kwenziwe amatjhuguluko nemivango efaneleko.
Umkhiqizo ubese uyapakiwa, ufakwe amalebula, uthuthwe uyokuthengiswa. Lokhu kudinga bona umkhiqizo ungonakali msimnya ukghone ukuhlala ufretjhi ama-awara adlula ayi-24 okungenziwa kuqandisa, ukukghadzisa, ukukokisa kancani umkhiqizo ukuze uphume amaqhiwani ayingozi nofana ukungezelela ama-preservative. I-heat pasteurisation okuyindlela yokukhipha amaqhiwani ayingozi emkhiqizweni ngokukokisa kancani loyo mkhiqizo nofan ukuprosesa ngamazinga aphezulu i-high-pressure processing (HPP) - okuyithekniki ebulala amaqhiwani ngokusebenzisa amazinga wamakhaza aphasi akghona ukubamba izakhamzimba nomnambitheko - angasetjenziswa ukwenza isiqiniseko sokobana ukudla kuphephile lokha umkhiqizo nawupakwako.
Isikhathi Amajuzi Asithathako Ukuhlala Afretjhi Ngaphambili Kobana Onakale
Eendaweni ezinamazinga womtjhiso afuthumeleko, amajuzi afretjhi aqeda ukuputjuzwa kufanele aselwe ema-awareni ayi-2 - 24 ngemva kobana enziwe, ngokuya komhlobo wesithelo kunye nokuvuthwa kwesithelweso.
Amaprosesi afana nokuqandisa, ukukghadzisa, ukupaka ngevakhyumu kunye nokubulala amaqhiwani ejuzini ngendlela ye-pasteurisation angabambezela isikhathi sokonakala kwejuzi okubangelwa yi-oxidation, ukubila kunye nokubola (okubangelwa ma-microbes nama-enzymatic reactions). Ukonakala kwejuzi kurholela ekutheni ilahlekelwe mavithamini, kube namatjhuguluko angathandekiko emnambithekweni nangendlela aqaleka ngayo kunye nokukhula kwama-microbes angaba yingozi.
Ukupakwa Kwamajuzi
Ukupakwa kwamajuzi akurhelebhi kwaphela ekubulungeni umkhiqizo kodwana kurheblebha nekunikeleni ilwazi mayelana nomkhiqizo loyo bewurhorhe namehlo wabantu abangafuna ukuwathenga. Kubuye kwenze kube lula ukuthutha umkhiqizo bekurhelebhe ekwenzi bona amajuzi ahlale afretjhi isikhathi eside angonakali msinya.
Ngokomlandu, iimmumathi ezimumatha imikhiqizo emamanzi bezenziwe ngemikhiqizo yeentjalo kunye neyeenlwane efana nomthiya womuthi weentjalo, amarhabha, amaqanda wenciliba, iinkhumba zeenlwane namathumbu kunye neempoto ezenziwe ngebumba.
Indlela amajuzi apakwa ngayo eenkhathini zanamhlanjesi zisombulukile kancazana begodu sezifaka hlangana amarhalasi namabhodlela abunjwe nge-PET blow kunye namakotikoti namabhoksi wekhadibhodi elaminethiweko, esikhathini esinengi enziwe ngamabhoksi asetjenziswa ngokuphindwaphindiweko. Abanye abakhiqizi bamajuzi bangakhetha ukuthengisa amajuzi amumethwe ngeenqubuthu nofana bavumele abathengi bona beze neemumathi zabo abazokuzalisa kizo amajuzi.
Iimbulungi Emajuzini
Iimbulungi ezithelwa emajuzini enziwe ngeenthelo zifaka hlangana i-sodium benzoate, i-sulphur dioxide ne-sulphites, i-citric ne-ascorbic acid kunye ne-pimaricin.
I-Citric acid kusivangeleli esithelwa eenselweni ezinengi ukungezelela ukuzwakala komnabitheko kunye nokungezelela ukuvangeka kuhle. Ibuye isetjenziswe emajuzini we-citrus ukwenza ncono ukunambitheka nokungezelela isikhathi sokungaboli komkhiqizo.
I-Ascorbic acid (ivithamini C) esikhathini esinengi ifakwa emajuzini weenthelo ukuvuselela ivithamini C ekhona ebulawa yindlela yokwenza ijuzi. Isentjenziswa njenge-antioxidant ukwehlisa iprosesi yi-oxidation ibese ibulunga umbala kunye nokubafretjhi.
Isetjenziswa emawayinini kunye nemajuzini wamadireyibe ukulawula ukuqubuka kwama-fungi neembiliseli ama-yeast begodu ayinawo ama-aleji ingasetjenziswa esikhundleni se-sulphates.
Nomakunjalo, zoke lezinto ezithelwako zitjhugulula izakhamzimba ezikhona ejuzini efretjhi, Nakukghonakalako nanakwenzekako, ukusela ijuzi ngaleso sikhathi nayiqeda ukwenziwa kungaba nenzuzo enengi yezakhamzimba.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana