Uqhwa nokomisa iyindlela yezobuchwepheshe yokugcinwa kokudla. Ngale nqubo, ukudla kunqunyelwa ngamanzi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ukuze kulondolozwe umsoco nokunambitheka kwakho. Isetshenziswa yi-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (i-NASA) yase-USA ukulungiselela ukudla kwabasebenza ngokufunda izinkanyezi kepha futhi kutholakala kabanzi ezitolo ezinkulu nasezitolo ezithengisayo.
Ukudla okomiswe lungathambiswa kalula ngokufaka amanzi.
Uqhwa-nokomisa kwasungulwa uJacques-Arsene d'Aononval eParis ngo-1906 futhi kwasetshenziswa ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II ukugcina i-serum yegazi. Ngeminyaka ye-1950 ukwenziwa kweqhwa okwezimboni kwaqala futhi manje ngonyaka ka-2020, imikhiqizo yomiswe iqhwa kufaka izithelo, inyama neziphuzo ezisheshayo kanye nokudla okulungiselelwe kwabahlala emakamu, abahamba ngamatshe, amasosha kanye nosonkanyezi.
Inqubo Yoqhwa Nokomisa
Igama lobuchwepheshe lokomisa iqhwa yi-lyophilization.
Ukufriza ukumiswa kwenqubo inqubo lapho amanzi (noma i-medium yokumiswa) efakwa ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi futhi asuswe ngokukhishwa okuphansi. I-Sublimation inguquko eqondile yamanzi isuka esifundeni esiqinile (iqhwa) iye kwisimo se-gaseous (vapor) ngaphandle kokuncibilika futhi ibe yinto ewuketshezi.
Ukufakwa ngaphansi kwenqubo yokumisa iqhwa kungachazwa ngezinyathelo ezintathu; iqhwa, i-vacuum futhi yomile.
Esinyathelweni sokuqala senqubo yokumiswa kweqhwa, umkhiqizo uqala ujule ngokuqandeka kwengcindezi ejwayelekile. Kubalulekile ukumisa ukudla ngokushesha. Ukuqandisa kancane kuyakha amakristalu amakhulu e-ice elimaza isakhiwo seseli elingaphakathi futhi kuthinte kabi ikhwalithi yokugcina yomkhiqizo.
Isinyathelo sesibili ukubeka umkhiqizo owenziwe iqhwa ngaphansi kwe-vacuum futhi okwesithathu, kufakwa ukushisa ukuhlinzeka amandla e-ice aphendukele kumfutho. Umphunga wamanzi uqoqwa kuma-condensers akhethekile. Lesi sigaba sokumisa sisusa cishe ama-95% amanzi futhi singathatha amahora amaningi kuya ezinsukwini ezimbili. Inqubo yokucima ukoma enamazinga okushisa akhuphukayo isusa ama-molecule wamanzi angafinyeleleki kumkhiqizo.
Ukudla kokugcina okomisiwe kokwejwayelekile kuqukethe phakathi komswakama no-4%. Ukomisa okwenziwe kahle olawulwa kahle kushiya izakhi zingathinteki kakhulu futhi kubangela ukuguquguquka okuncane ekwakhiweni kwangaphakathi kokudla. Amangqamuzana omile ngaphakathi komkhiqizo manje anesakhiwo esinjengesiponji esidonsa umswakama ngokushesha lapho umkhiqizo sakhiwe kabusha.
Ngemuva kokomiswa kweqhwa, imikhiqizo yokudla igcwele emaphaketheni noma emigqonyeni ekhethekile edonswa ngogesi we-nitrogen ukukhipha umoya-mpilo.
Imikhiqizo Eyomiswe Ngoqhwa
Izibonelo zokudla okomiswe kuhlanganisa inyama, izinongo, ubisi oluyimpuphu, ushizi, amaqanda, izithelo neziphuzo ezisheshayo ezinjengamakhofi ekhofi, itiye ne-smoothie. Izithelo zakha ingxenye enkulu kakhulu (engaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-30) yemakethe yomiswe iqhwa, kepha ukudla okukulungela kakhudlwana kufaka i-pasta, amasobho, izitshulu kanye nama-dessert.
Izithelo nenyama zigawulwa zibe izingcezu ezincane ngaphambi kokucima ukoma futhi zitholakala njengama chunks noma i-mince. Inyama, ukudla kwasolwandle nokudla okulungiselelwe kuphekwe ngaphambi kokomiswa futhi kudingeka kuphela ukwengezwa kwamanzi ukuze kulungiselelwe.
Izinzuzo Zokomisa Ngoqhwa
Ukucima ukoma kugcina ukunambitheka, umbala, ukwakheka nokubukeka komkhiqizo wokudla ngenkathi kunciphisa ukulimala kwezakhi ezibucayi bokushisa. Uvivinyo luhlole ukudla okuphelelwe ngamanzi yizindlela ezahlukile zokumisa - ukushisa, i-vacuum, iqhwa kanye nokomiswa kwe-osmotic - bathola ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu emikhiqizweni eyenziwe yomiswe.
Imikhiqizo eyomiswe yiqhwa imvamisa kakhulu futhi inezilinganiso zokuphinda ukhiphe amanzi izikhathi ezine kuya kweziyisithupha (ingathola umswakama omningi) kunemikhiqizo yokudla eyomiswe komoya. Anempilo, amnandi futhi alula - alungele umdlalo wesitayela se-adventure futhi kulula ukuwuthumela ukuze usetshenziswe ezimeni eziphuthumayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumiswa kweqhwa kukhulisa isikhathi esisheshayo semikhiqizo emisha kanye nokudla okulungiselelwe okuphakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kwezi-3 kuma-polybags kuze kube ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-25 emathini.
Izindleko ngukudambisa okukhulu kokomiswa kwamahhala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu nokulungiswa.
Translated by Nsika Khoza