Ku gwitsirisa-ku omisa I ndlela ya vuthekiniki byale henhla byaku hlayisa swakudya. Hinkarhi wa maendlelo lawa, swakudya leswi gwitsirisiweke swa tsakamisiwa ehansi ka ntshikelelo leswaku kuta hlayiseka swakudya na nantswo. Leswi swi endliwa hiva USA’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ku lulamisa swakudya swati astronauts kambe switlhela swi kumeka eka mavhengele yotala yo xavisa swakudya nale ka vaxavisi van’wana.
Swakudya leswi gwitsirisiweke-swiomisiwa switsakamiseka hiku olova hikuva swicheriwa mati.
Ku gwitsirisiwa-omisiwa swi tumbuluxiwe hi Jacques-Arsene d’Arsonval e Paris hi 1906 naswona endzhaku switirhisiwe hinkarhi wa World War II ku hlayisa ngati. Hi malembe yava 1950s ku gwitsirisiwa-omisiwa ka swakudya e tifemeni swisungurile naswona sweswi hiva 2020s, swakudya leswi gwitsirisiweke-omisiwa swikatsa mihandzu, nyama na swinwiwa swa nkarhi walowo xikan’we na swakudya leswinga vupfa swa vapfhumba, masocha hambi ti astronauts.
Maendlelo yo Gwitsirisa-Omisa
Vito ra xithekiniki ra gwitsirisa-omisa rivuriwa lyophilization. Ku gwitsirisa-omisa I maendlelo lawa mati ya endliwaka ayisi laha kutitimelaka swinene kutani yaya susiwa hi leswi vange i sublimation. Sublimation iku suka ka mati eka xivumbeko xa ayisi kutani yaya eka xivumbeko xa nkahelo kambe yanga n’okisiwangi kumbe ku endliwa swihalaki nakambe.
Sublimation eka maendlelo yo gwitsirisa-omisa yanga hlamuseriwa hi swiphemu swinharhu; gwitsirisa, vacuum naku oma. Eka xitepe xosungula xa maendlelo yo gwitsirisa-omisa, switirhisiwa swi sungula swi gwitsirisiwa eka ntshikelelo wa ntolovelo. Swina nkoka ku gwitsirisa swakudya hiku hatlisa. Ku gwitsirisa swakudya hiku nonoka swivanga leswaku kuva na ti ayisi letikulu letinga vavisaka xivumbeko kutani swi onha khwalithi ya swakudya swoleswo eku heteleleni.
Goza ravumbirhi iku veka xitirhisiwa lexi gwitsirisiweke ehansi ka vacuum kutani xavunharhu, kutani kutisiwa kuhisa leswaku ayisi yita hundzuka nkahelo. Mati lawaya ya nkahelo ya hlengeletiwa hiti condensers to hlawuleka. Xiphemu lexi xo omisa xisusa kwalomu ka 95% wa mati naswona swinga teka ti awara tingari tingani kumbe masiku yambirhi. Ku omisiwa ravumbirhi laha kunga tlakusiwa mahiselo swi susa mati lawa yanga tiyangikieka xitirhisiwa lexi.
Swakudya swo hetelela swo gwitsirisiwa-omisiwa hi xitalo swiva swiri na kwalomu ka 1% na 4% waku tsakama. Ku gwitsirisa-omisiwa loku lawuriweke kahle ku siya swakudya swahari kahle naswona swotisa ku cinca kuntsongo eka xivumbeko xale ndzeni xa swakudya. Ti cell leti omeke tale ndzeni sweswi tiva tiri na xivumbeko xa xiponci lexi tswongaka kutsakama loku hiku hatlisa loko swakudya leswi switlhela switsakamisiwa.
Endzhaku kaku gwitsirisa-omisa, swakudya leswi swi cheriwa endzeni ka swinkwamani swohlawuleka kumbe endzeni ka swikotela leswi switlhelaka swicheriwa hi nitrogen gas kususa oxygen.
Swakudya Leswi Gwitsirisiweke-Omisiwa
Swikombiso swa swakudya leswinga gwitsirisa-omisiwa swikatsa tinyama, swipayisisi, masi ya mapa, cheese, matandza, mihandzu xikanwe na swinwiwa swa nkarhi walowo swofana nati coffee granules, tiya nati smoothies. Mihandzu yi endla xiave lexikulu (over 30%) xa makete wa swakudya leswinga gwitsirisiwa-omisiwa, kambe leswi tlakukaka ngopfu swikatsa pasta, supu, stews na desserts. Mihandzu na nyama switsemeleriwa swiva swiphemu leswintsongo loko swingase gwitsirisiwa-omisiwa naswona swakumeka tani hi swiphemu swati chunks leti gwitsirisiweke-omisiweke kumbe mince. Nyama, swakudya swale lwandle na leswi lulameke swa swekiwa loko swingase gwitsirisiwa-omisiwa naswona swolava ku engeteriwa mati ntsena loko swilulamisiwa.
Mbuyelo Waku Gwitsirisa-Omisa
Ku gwitsirisa-omisa swihlayisa nantswo, muhlovo, xivumbeko xikan’we na ndlela leyi swakudya swivonakisaka xiswona xikan’we naku hunguta kuvaviseka eka swakudya leswi chavaka kuhisa. Swakudya leswi kamberiweke leswi omisiweke hiku tirhisa maendlelo yo hambana hambana yo omisa - convective, vacuum, gwitsirisa naku tirhisa osmotic drying - naswona swikumeke leswaku swina nantswo wa kahle swinene eka switirhisiwa swa swakudya leswi gwitsirisiweke-omisiwa.
Switirhisiwa leswi gwitsirisiweke-omisiwa hi xitalo swa xawula naswona switsakamiseka ku antswa hikwalomu ka mune kuya ka ntsevu hi minkarhi kutlula swakudya leswinga omisiwa. Switele swakudya, swa nantsweka naswona swivevukile – swikahle swinene eka swamintlangu naswona swa olova kuswi kuma kusuka ehandle loko kutshuka ku laveke swakudya hi xihatla. Thlandla kambirhi, ku gwitsirisa-omisa swi engetelela nkarhi lowu swakudya swa furexe switshamaka wona naswona swakudya leswi lulameleke ku dyiwa kusukela exikarhi ka 6 wa tinhweti na malembe ya 3 endzeni kati polybags kuya eka kutlula 25 wa malembe endzeni ka swikotela.
Tihakelo hi xona xirhalanganya nkulu xaku gwitsirisa-omisa hikokwalaho ka gezi rotala leri lavekaka yikan’we na nhlayiso.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni