Ukukhenkcezisa ngokomisa (Freeze Drying) yindlela ekudidi oluphezulu lokonga ukutya. Ngelixesha, ukutya okukhenkcezisiweyo kufakwa phantsi koxinzelelo lokukhanywa ukuze kugcinwe izinongo nencasa. Lendlela isetyenziswa liqela i-USA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) xa kulungiswa ukutya kwabo basebenza phezulu esibhakabhakeni kodwa kuyafumaneka kwivenkile zentengiso nakwi venkile zokutya.
Ukutya okukhenkcezisiweyo - komiswa, kuyaphinda kubuyiselwe esimeni esifumileyo ngokuthi kufakwe amanzi.
Lendlela ke yokukhenkcezisa - yokomisa yaqulunywa ngu Jacques-Arsene d’Arsonval kwelase Paris ngonyaka ka 1906, ze exesheni yasetyenziswa ngexesha lomlo wamazwe wesibini (World War II) ukuze kugcinwe I'serum' yegazi. Ngonyaka ka 1950 imizi mveliso yokukhenkcezisa-yomise ibiquka iziqhamo, inyama, kunye neziselo ezenziwa ngalo mzuzu, kuquka ukutya esele kulungele ukutyiwa kwabo bahlala enkampini, abathanda ulonwabo, amajoni kunye nabasebenza phezulu esibhakabhakeni kwiinqwelo moya.
Igama elaziwayo lokukhenkcezisa-womise yi lyophilization.
Ukukhenkcezisa-womise yindlela apho amanzi (okanye apho aphuma khona) aye abengqibilili kumaqondo aphantsi obushushu, ze asuswe asiwe kwenye indawo. Uhambiso lwamanzi kukujika kwamanzi kubushushu, ze asuswe ngokuthi ajike ayeke ukuqina. Ukujika kwamanzi kwisimo esiqinileyo (umkhenkce) abe kwisimoya segesi (umophu) ngaphandle koku nyibilika abengamanzi.
Ukujika kwamanzi kuhlelo lokukhenkcezisa-komiswe kungachazwa ngamanyathelo amathathu; khenkcezisa, vuthela, womise.
Kunyathelo lokuqala lohlelo lokukhenkcezisa-nokomisa, imveliso kuqala ikhenkceziswe kakhulu, nzulu kodwa kumlinganiselo oqhelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukukhenkcezisa ukutya ngokukhawuleza. Ukucotha ukukhenkcezisa kwenza izigaqa zomkhenkce ezinkulu oku konakalisa umphakathi kwaye umgangatho wemveliso uyachaphazeleka ngendlela engekho ntle.
Inyathelo lesibini kukubeka imveliso ekhenkcezisiweyo ngaphantsi komoya, ze okwesithathu, ufake ubushushu ukunikeza amandla ukuze umkhenkce ujike ubengu mophu. Umophu ongamanzi uyaqokelelwa ngezitya ezikhethekileyo. Elinqanaba lokomisa lisusa malunga nama 95% wamanzi kwaye ingathabatha iyure ezininzi ukuya kwintsuku ezimbini. Indlela yokomisa yesibini ngobushushu obungezekileyo kukususa amaqabaza amanzi anganguwo umkhenkce, kwimveliso.
Inqanaba lokugqibela lokukhenkcezisa-nokomisa ukutya kunamalunga no 1% kunye no 4% ukufuma. Ukusebenzisa ulawulo loku khenkcezisiweyo-nokomisa kushiya izinongo zinga chaphazelekanga, kwaye yenza umahluko omncinci kubume bokutya ngaphakathi. Okomileyo kwimveliso kunobume obufana nesiphontshi esifunxa ukufuma ngoku khawuleza xa imveliso ifumile.
Emveni kokukhenkcezisa-nokomisa, iimveliso zokutya ziya pakishwa kwi pawutshi ezikhethekileyo okanye iinkonxa, ezithi zigunxulwe ngomoya we nitrogen ukususa umoya we oxygen.
Imizekelo yokutya okukhenkcezisiweyo-komiswa kuquka inyama, imigubo yokuqhola, ubisi elingu mgubo, isonka samasi, amaqanda, iziqhamo kunye neziselo ezikhawulezileyo ezifana neenkozo zekofu, iti kunye ne simuthi (smoothie). Iziqhamo zenza ingxenye enkulu (ngapha ko 30%) zentengiso yokukhenkcezisa-nokomisa, kodwa ke ukutya osele kulungele ukutyiwa kwanda kuquka ipasta, isuphu, isityu, kunye ne dizethi.
Iziqhamo nenyama zinqunqwa zibezipisi ezincinci phambi kokuba kukhenkceziswe- komiswe kwaye zifumaneka njengokutya okukhenkcezisiweyo, komiswa kuzipisi okanye inyama ecoliweyo. Inyama, ukutya kwaselwandle kunye nokutya okulungele ukutyiwa kuye kuphekwe phambi kokuba kukhenkceziswe-komiswe kwaye kudinga ukongezwa amanzi kuphela akulungiswa.
Ukukhenkcezisa nokomisa kugcina incasa, umbala, ubume kunye nembonakalo yemveliso yokutya ngexesha inciphisa umonakalo kwzinongo ezingadibaniyo nobushushu. Uvavanyo lohlule ukutya okomiswe ngendlela zokomisa ezahlukileyo - umoya, ukuvuthuza, ukukhenkcezisa kunye nendlela yokomisa nge ‘osmosis’ - ze kwafunyanwa eyona ncasa imnandi kwimveliso ezikhenkcezisiweyo-nokomiswa.
Iimveliso ezikhenkcezisiweyo - zomiswa zibamnandi kwaye imilinganiselo yokufuma isisine ukuya kwisithandathu ngokuba ngcono (ingafunxa ukufuma okungakumbi) kunemveliso zokutya okomiswe ngomoya. Zona ke zine zinongo, zinencasa, kwaye azinabo ubunzima - zilungele uhlobo lolonwabo lwezemidlalo kwaye kulula ukuzihambisa xa kungxamisekile.
Ukongeza, ukukhenkcezisa-nokomisa kwandisa ubomi bemveliso ezifreshi kunye nokunye okwenzelwa okokuba kuhlale kulungelwe ukutyiwa ukusuka kwinyanga ezintandathu (6) kunye niminyaka emithathu (3) kwi bhegi ukuya kwiminyaka engapha kwama 25 kwiinkonxa.
Ixabiso yeyonanto iyingxaki yokukhenkcezisa-nokomisa ngenxa yezidingo eziphezulu zombane kunye nokulungiswa.
Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie