Umhlabathi Onempilo Ngokulima Kokulondolozwa

© Marinda Louw
Ukuqwashisa ngokubaluleka kwenhlabathi enempilo, kubangele inani elikhulayo labalimi abasebenzisa izindlela zokulima zokulondoloza. Le ndlela yakhiwa ngezinsika ezintathu, okungukuthi okungenani ukulimala, ukuvuna izitshalo kanye nokujikeleza kwezitshalo.

Ukulima Okuncane

Ukugcinwa kwemvelo noma ukulimala okuncane kuwethulwa eUSA ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1970 futhi kusukela lapho kwasakazeka kwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise neNingizimu Afrika. Ngokulimala okuvamile, inhlabathi ingalinywa, igxilwe noma igqunywe, okuphazamisa isakhiwo somhlabathi kanye nokuhamba kwesikhathi kuholela ekukhuculeni kwenhlabathi nokuguguleka komhlabathi.
Futhi kunomthelela omubi emandleni okubamba amanzi emhlabathini futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokubhujiswa kwezinhlobo eziphilayo ezisebenzayo. Ngomhlabathi wokulondoloza, inhlabathi iyaphazamiseka ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngesikhathi sokutshala, izintambo ezikhethekile zokulondolozwa kwezilwane noma i-disk planters zizothola noma zigawule inhlabathi emgqeni wokutshala ekujuleni okudingekayo.
Ukutshala nokukhulelwa kungenziwa futhi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuze ugweme ukuguguleka kwamanzi, abalimi abanolondolozo olunzulu bazohamba phambili futhi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-GPS ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imishini esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa, unyaka ngamunye, isebenza njalo emigwaqeni efanayo ezweni. I-Zero noma i-no-tillage yiyona ndlela eyingozi kunayo yonke yokulima okuncane, lapho kuphela umgodi omncane owenziwe khona ungqimba lomquba emhlabathini lapho kutholakala khona imbewu kanye nomanyolo.

Izitshalo Zokumboza

©Francois Viljoen
Abalimi esikhathini esidlule bangase bashise amazwe emva kokuvuna ukukhipha ukhula. Abalimi bezilondolozi abashiseli amazwe abo, kodwa bashiye izindawo zokuhlala ezitshalweni ezweni, umkhuba obizwa ngokuthi ukugcinwa kwezinhlanga. Ukugcinwa kwe-Stubble kunezinzuzo ezihlukahlukene. Kungenzeka:
Ukuguguleka kwamanzi nomoya wamanzi.
Ukwandisa ukungena kwamanzi namanzi okuphatha amandla enhlabathi.
Nciphisa u-evaporation.
Ukwandisa izinto eziphilayo emhlabathini.
Vikela izilwane ezinhlobonhlobo ezivela ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu zezulu.
Khonza njengendawo yokuhlala kanye nokudla kwezilwane ezinenzuzo.

Ukushintshanisa Izitshalo

Esikhundleni se-mono-cropping, lapho isivuno esifanayo sitshalwe minyaka yonke ngonyaka endaweni efanayo, abalimi abalondolozayo baqhuba ukujikeleza kwezitshalo. Bazohlola izitshalo ezahlukene ezifanele ukukhiqizwa ngaphansi kwemvelo yabo yokukhiqiza bese zijikeleza lezi zitshalo ngomunye nomunye. EWestern Cape, isibonelo, izitshalo ezinjengokolweni, i-canola, ibhali, i-lupines, imithi kanye ne-lucerne yizibonelo zezitshalo ezingase zifakwe ohlelweni lokujikeleza.
Isihluthulelo akusilo ukutshala isitshalo saminyaka yonke emndenini ofanayo ezweni elifanayo iminyaka engaphezu kweminyaka emibili. Uhlelo lokujikeleza akudingeki lubekwe ematshe, kodwa kufanele lubonwe njengesizo sokuphatha. Abalimi bangazivumelanisa nezidingo njengoba kudingeka, isibonelo uma kuvela inkinga yokhula noma yesifo. Umgomo wokujikeleza kwezitshalo ukuphula imijikelezo yesifo ehambisana nokuxhuma kwe-mono.
Ukuphila okuqondile kanye nezifo kuhlotshaniswa nezitshalo ezithile, ngakho uma uhlwanyela lezi zitshalo kuphela kuzoholela ekwakheni lezi zilwane. Ngokutshala okunye okunye, lezi zilwane ziyobanjelwa ngaphandle komthombo wokudla, okuzoholela ekunciphiseni kwabo. Ukutshala ukujikeleza kuvumela abalimi ukuba basebenzise izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokubulala ukhula ukuze kugcinwe izinkinga zokhula ekuhloleni, okusiza ekuvimbeleni ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nokubulala i-herbicide resistance.
Ukhula lwe-grass, isibonelo, alukwazi ukusetshenziswa uma ukolweni utshalwe njengoba uzobhubhisa ukolweni. Nokho, abalimi bangasebenzisa lezi zitshalo zokutshala utshani lapho kutshalwa izitshalo eziningi. Okufanayo kusebenza ekutheni ukhula lwe-broadleaf lubulawe. Ngeke isetshenziselwe izitshalo ze-broadleaf, kodwa ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza ukolweni. Uma usebenzisa i-herbicide njalo ulandela imiyalelo futhi ujikeleze imikhiqizo enezithako ezihlukahlukene ezisebenzayo ukuvimbela ukumelana nokukhula kwe-herbicide.

Translated by Nsika Khoza