Ukukhiqizwa kwamakhowe adliwayo kukhule amahlandla angaphezu kwama-30 kusukela ngo-1978, ngama-shiitake (amaLentinus edode) enza cishe ama-22% amakhowe omhlaba. Ezinye izinhlobo ezibalulekile zamakhowe zifaka i-oyster, inkinobho kanye ne-brown brown (i-Agaricus spp) enoki nama-mushroom adliwayo we-jelly fungi (Auricularia spp). Lezi zinhlobo ezinhlanu zamakhowe zenza ama-85% amakhowe atshaliwe emhlabeni.
Ngaphandle kokutshala okubalulekile kokudla okungaba nomthelela ekuvikelekeni kokudla, ukukhiqizwa kwamakhowe nakho kungukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwemiphumela yezolimo efana nomquba wenkukhu notshani lukakolweni.
Amakhowe angumthombo wokudla onempilo ongasetshenziswa njengendawo esikhundleni senyama futhi unezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo nezokwelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kokukhiqizwa kwamakhowe, i-substrate esetshenzisiwe (umquba wamakhowe) ifanelekile njengomanyolo womhlabathi ngenxa yamandla ayo okukhulisa okuqukethwe kwe-organic enhlabathini.
Ayini Amakhowe?
Hhayi isilwane futhi futhi hhayi isitshalo, amakhowe angokwombuso wesikhunta. Amakhowe iyimizimba enesikhunta yesikhunta enesiqu, isigaxa kanye nama-gill kodwa futhi kungahlanganisa izinhlobo ezithile ezingenaso isiqu. Amakhowe akhula engxenyeni esetshenziswayo njengomthombo wokudla njengoba engenayo i-chlorophyll futhi awukwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla kwawo njengesitshalo.
Wonke amakhowe akhiqiza izinhlamvu (noma 'imbewu') ezisakazeka emoyeni, kuyilapho lonke lelo khowe liya likhula lapho likhula kusakhiwana sezinto eziphilayo. Endle, le ndawo engaphansi komhlaba ingaba izinkuni ezibolile, kepha emapulazini amakhowe okuthengiswayo, lo mgodi ongaphansi komquba ungomquba.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwamakhowe Emhlabeni Jikelele
I-China ngumkhiqizi omkhulu (kanye nomthengi) omkhulu wamakhowe onamathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 ngonyaka. I-Italy (amathani angama-761 000), i-USA (390 000 amathani), i-Netherlands (301 000 amathani) kanye nePoland abanye abakhiqizi abaphawulekayo.
I-Ningizimu Afrika ikhiqiza amathani acishe abe ngama-21 000 ngonyaka (ngonyaka we-2018) enengxenye yabakhiqizi bamakhowe eGauteng, ama-28% eWestern Cape, kuthi angama-17% KwaZulu-Natali. Amanye amakhowe aseNingizimu Afrika athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi emazweni angomakhelwane njengeNamibia neMauritius.
Umlando Wokulima Amakhowe eNingizimu Afrika
Ipulazi lokuqala lamakhowe lapha eNingizimu Afrika cishe lalingelika-gynecologist uDkt Charles Kark endaweni manje esesenkabeni yeSandton. Eqinisweni, ukusakaza okuhamba ngepaki eluhlaza phakathi enkabeni yamabhizinisi asenkabeni yeGoli kubiza igama elithi 'Silver Stream' igama lepulazi le-mushroom kanye ne-cannery elachuma phakathi kwawo-1950 nawo-1960. Yathengiselwa iTiger Brands kwathi ngemuva kwalokho yathengiselwa amaThangoat Mushrooms ayesevele efaka iDenny Mushrooms.
I-South African Mushroom Farmers' Association (SAMFA) yasungulwa ngonyaka we-1984 futhi isebenzisa imali yobulungu ekucwaningeni nasekukhangiseni.
Translated by Nsika Khoza