Ixiphemu xa nkoka swinene eka kukula ka vutomi bya ximilani eka misava leyingana ti organic matter leti ringaneleke. Organic matter yita fayeleleka kuya hinkarhi naswona yi phakela energy eka ti microorganisms leyi lavekaka kufayelela kuya emahlweni ka organic matter, leswi eku heteleleni swingatava swakudya leswi lavekaka eka swimilani kuva swikula.
Xana Iyini Organic Matter?
Organic matter yitlhela yitiveka tani hi carbon ya misava. Carbon hiyona xiaki nkulu xati organic molecules xikan’we na nhlayo ya carbon eka misava leswi yelanaku na nhlayo ya organic matter eka misava.
Organic matter eka misava yikatsa masalela hinkwawo ya swimilani nati organisms leti hanyaku emisaveni naswona swikatsa swilo swinharhu swa nkoka-ti organisms leti hanyaka, masalela ya fgurexe xikan’we na masalela lawa yanga bola.
Ti organisms tifanele ti endla kwalomu ka 15% ya organic matter leyinga kona eka misava naswona swikatsa ti microorganisms kufana nati bacteria na fungi, xikan’we na swiharhi leswikulu kufana na tixikwa, switsotswani nati moles.
Masalela lawa ya tsamaka hiwona organic matter leyinga fa leyinga se tshoveleriwaka hiku hetiseka (not yet composted) naswona yikatsa ti microorganisms letinga fa, switsotswani, swimilani na manyoro ya furexe.
Ti organic material eka misava letinga bola tivuriwa humus. Leswi i swilo swobumbula leswinga swa buraweni kumbe swantima leswi salaka endzhaku kaloko lutava kuve na nthyaka lerikulu leringa bola. Humus yi hlanganisa swiphemu phemu swa misava swiva endzhawu yin’we kutani swiva magadi. Magadi lawa ya endla xivbumbeko xa misava kutani ya endla leswaku misava yitshama yirikarhi yi tsakama. Humus hiyona organic molecule leyi tshamisekeke naswona hiyona yi humesaka hiku nonoka carbon na energy.
Mbuyelo wa Organic Matter
Misava ya swa vurimi yifanele kuva na kwalomu ka 1% kuyta eka 6% wa organic matter. E Afrika Dzonga, nhlayo leyi yinga hambana kuva exikarhi ka 0.05% na 3 - 4%. Loko kuri na organic matter yotala eka misava, swivula leswaku kutava na swakudya swotala swati microorganisms naswona swakudya swotala swita phameriwa swimilani. Organic matter yi fayeleriwa hiti microorganisms eka endlelo leri vuriwaka composting.
Eka maendlelo lawa yo fayelela, organic matter yitirhisiwa hiti microorganisms leti tani hi swakudya tani hileswi organic matter yivaka yingaseva swakudya leswinga kona swa swimilani. Kuva ntsena loko organic matter yi cinciwile yiva humus hikona yivaka na ntirho eka swimilani. Humus yikhomelela eka swakudya, hikantsongo yi humesa swakudya kuva switekiwa hi swimilani hiku tirhisa timintsu ta swona.
Loko organic matter yi fayeleriwa kutani yiva swakudya swa misava, ti molecules ti humesiwa kusuka eka ti cells ta masalela ya furexe. Ti molecules leti tikatsa ti proteins, ti amino acids, chukele nati starch naswona switirha tani hi swakudya swati microorganisms tin’wana eka misava.
Ti microorganisms leti hanyaka ti phamela swimilani kutani tihumesa swin’wana leswi khomanisaka misava yiva xivumbeko xin’we. Ku khomana loku ka misava ku endla xivumbeko xa kahle xamisava naswona swi pfuneta kuva misava yiva magadi. Ti organisms tofana na tixikwa xikan’we na swinwana swipfuneta ku tshamisekoisa xivumbeko xa misava. Xikombiso, hiku humelerisa tindlela tin’wana leti pfumelelaka leswaku ku nghena mati, kutani swi antswisa makhomelo ya mati hi misava.
Ndlela Yo Engetelela Organic Matter Eka Misava?
Engetelela organic matter eka misava ya wena hiku chela manyoro ya swifuwo (kungari manyoro lawa yanga kumeka eka swifuwo swale kaya kufana na timbyana na swimanga), matluka, matsavu na makamba ya mihandzu, byasi, swondlalela, masalela ya swibyariwa na manyoro ya rihlaza.
Manyoro ya rihlaza nawona yanga byariwa kutani ya hlanganisiwa na misava hikuva ya rimeriwa ehansi ka misava. Manyoro ya rihlaza i swibyariwa leswi byariwaka kutani swirimeriwa ehansi ka misava swahari rihlaza. Manyoro ya rihlaza yatlhela ya engetelela nitrogen naswona ya tisa ku cinca ka mbango eka misava. Swikombiso swa manyoro ya rihlaza swikatsa ti legumes tofana na lucerne, cowpeas na clovers xikan’we na leswingariki ti legumes swotani hi koroni, oats na rye. Nkatsakanyo wa ti legumes na lowungariki ti legumes nawona wa tirhisiwa.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni