Lobumcoka be Kuvelela kweMhlabatsi

Kuvelela kwemhlaba kunendlela letsite ekuvundzeni kwemhlabatsi, kutsatsela kucindzetela kanye nekuvutfuka kwemhlabatsi kanye nekusebenteka – lokutsambisa lapho khona umhlabatsi ungaguculeka. Ngekwengeta, lokuvelela kwemhlabatsi kanye nelibumba lawo lolwetfelwe ngutona tintfo tibalulekile letichaza lelinani lemoya kulomhlabatsi kanye nesisindvo semanti lesibambekile – indlela lemelula yemanti labambekile emhlabatsini.

Kuvelela kweMhlabatsi

©United States Department of Agriculture

Lokuvelela kwemhlabatsi kuwelela kulelinani letincenye tetinshwana temhlabatsi. Njengekutsi, tinshwana tesihlabatsi tinkhulu kunaleto telibumba. Tinshwana tesihlabatsi tihambela kusuka ku 0.05 kuya ku 2.0 mm, tinshwana letilula tisemkhatsini wa 0.002 na 0.05 mm ngebundingilizi tibe leto telibumba tingephansi kwa 0.002 mm ngelinani. Tinshwana temgwaco wesihlabtsi noma ematje tinkhulu kuna 2 mm futsi atitsatfwe nakubukwa kuvelela kwemhlabatsi.
Ngetindlela tekuvelela, imihlabtsi ingabekeka ngemakilasi lamane: lonematje, loguculekako, lonelibumba nematjana nelibumba kanye newelibumba. Lelikilasi lemhlaba lichazwa nguletinhlobo temhlabatsi letehlukene.
Umhlabatsi lonematje unekuvelela kwetinshwana leticinile letingeko melula ube umhlabatsi welibumba unekuvelela-lokumelula futsi utfwele tinshwana telibumba. Tinshwana telibumba tinekunambutela phindze tiboleka intfo lecinile kulomhlabatsi, ngako umhlaba lona 20% kuphela welibumba usebenta njenge mhlabatsi welibumba lonambutelako. ‘Umhlabatsi lonelibumba nematjana’ uchaza umhlabatsi lonematje, loguculekako kanye netintfo letincane telibumba. Njengekutsi, lonematje nelibumba utfwele 30% welibumba, 50% wesihlabatsi lesinematje na 20% wetinshwana tesihlaba lesiguculekako.

Indlela Yekutfola Kuvelela kweMhlabatsi

Uma usensimini noma endzaweni levulekile, tsatsa umhlabatsi ngesandla sigcwale bese wengeta emanti lamancane kwentela kwakha ibhola. Umangaba ungakhoni kwenta ibhola, lomhlabatsi unematje. Yiva lokuvelela kwalesihlabatsi ngetingalo takho kwentela kubona umangabe kunematje lamancane, uyamanyatela noma unemaplasitiki (libumba).
Ibhorethrwi ingahlola kuvelela kwemhlabatsi kepha umlimi angasebentisa le ‘ndlela yekuhlanganisa’ kwentela kutfola lokuvela kwemhlabatsi epulazini lakhe. Bacwalingi Belicembu Lwekucwalinga Emanti base Ningizimu Afrika sebahlanganise loluluhlolo lolumelula kwentela kutfola kuvelela kwemhlabatsi:
Umhlabatsi wematje lamancane
Umhlabatsi wematje lamancanne utfwele libumba lelingaphansi kwa 10%. Akwakhi ‘kuhlanganiseka’ kepha, kushiyana ngalelibumba lelikhona, kungakha ibhola lemako.
Umhlaba Lonelibumba, ematje lamancane netitjalo letifile
Una 10 kuya ku 15% lotfwele libumba. Tinhlavana tingangelinani lelisemkhatsini futsi lingaphushutwa emkhatsini wesitfupha nesikhomba bantfu. Kwakha lokucinile kepha lokubulaleka malula ‘lokuhlanganisiwe’.
lonematje lamancane,libumba netitjalo letifile
Una 20 kuya kua 35% lotfwele libumba. Ugicika ume ‘nawuhlanganisiwe’ kepha uyagamuka noma uphushuke nawakhiwe wemisa kwa U.
Libumba lelinematje lamancane netitjalo letifile
Litfwele 27 kuya ku 40% welibumba. Kwakha kuma lokungu U lokucinile, kepha kuyaphushuka nakwakhiwe njengelifethi noma indingilizi.
Libumba lematje lamancane
Lina 35 kuya ku 50% lotfwele libumba. Likhombisa tintfo telibumba, kepha kukhona nekuhlanganisa nanagbe kushikishwa. Kuyaphushuka ngesikhatsi kwakheke indingilizi.
Libumba
Linalolungetulu kwa 50% welibumba. Umhlaba wakha indingilizi lecinile ngaphandle kwekugedvuka bese ukhombisa bungekho bekuhlangana.

Inhlanyelo ne Kuvelela kwe Mhlabatsi

Kuvelela kwemhlaba kutfola lizinga lapho khona emanti advonseka engcele kulomhlabatsi nekutsi lamanti lakhona angakanani kulesitjalo. Tinshwana temhlabatsi wematje lamancane emhlabatsini enta kudvonseka nekufakeka kwalomhlabatsi. Umhlabatsi wematje lamancane unemanti laphansi labambe kusindza kunemhlabatsi welibumba ngako emanti namanyolo kungangetwa njalo njalo emhlabatsini wematje lamancane kunasemhlabatsini welibumba.
Tintfo letite emakhemikhali tiphindze tephuke ngekushesha emhlabatsini lotfwele umhlabatsi lonematje lophakeme njengoba kutobakhona umoya lomuningi emihlabatsini lenetinshwana letinkhulu ngelinani – lenchubo yekubulawa ngemakhemikhali endalo kudzinga umoya. Ngekwengeta, umhlabatsi-lodvonseke kahle unendlela yekwetfwala umoya lophakeme, lokungetetela ekuphileni kwetimphandze tesitjalo.
Imihlabatsi letfwele libumba leliphakeme ingagcinaa emanutrients lamaningi kanye nemanti ngoba umhlabatsi lonelibumba lelincane unendzawo lenkhulu ngetulu ngesisindvo sinye. Tinshwana telibumba tiyafakelwa bese tiba ne ion lengiyo futsi tingabamba noma tigcine, tintfo letifakelwako letifana ne ammonium (initrogen-lehlanganisiwe), ipotassium, icalcium, imagnesium kanye naletinye tintfo.
Litfuba lemhlaba lekungavumi ingucuko yepH livame kuchazwa tintfo tendalo letite emakhemikhali kanye nekutfwalwa kwelibumba. Imihlabatsi yelibumba, umhlaba wematje lamancane netitjalo letifile titsatfwa ngekutsi yimihlabatsi lekahle kakhulu kutitjalo letiningi.

Kutfutfukisa Kuvelela kweMhlabatsi

Yomibili umhlabatsi wematje lamancane kanye nemhlabatsi welibumba kungatfutfukiswa ngekungetetela tintfo tendalo letite emakhemikhali kufana namanyolo, tintfo letisele tenhlanyelo, manyolo wetilwane, emacembe lamadzala, lokuncutsiwe kanye nalokucatiwe kwetibhidvo.

Translated by Phindile Malotana