Ukubaluleka kokuMbiwa koMhlabathi

© Dr Eduard Hoffmann (Department of Soil Science, US)
Ukuthungwa komhlabathi kunomthelela ekukhuliseni inhlabathi, amathonya okuxubana kanye nokwehla kwenhlabathi nokusebenza kahle - ukukhululeka lapho inhlabathi ingasetshenziswa khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi nokuqukethwe kwayo ngobumba yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinquma inani lemvelo emhlabathini kanye nomthamo walo wokugcina amanzi - ukuthi kalula amanzi agcinwa kanjani enhlabathini.

Isimo Somhlaba

©United States Department of Agriculture
Ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi kubhekisela ebukhulu bezinhlayiya zenhlabathi. Isibonelo, izinhlayiya zehlabathi zikhulu kakhulu kunezinhlayiya zobumba. Izinhlayiya ze-Sand zivela kusuka ku-0.05 kuya ku-2.0 mm, izinhlayiya ze-silt ziphakathi kuka-0.002 no-0.05 mm ububanzi lapho izinhlayiya zobumba zingaphansi kuka-0.002 mm ngobukhulu. I-gravel noma i-rock particles iyinkulu kune-2 mm futhi ayinakucatshangwa uma kunquma ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi.
Ngokuphathelene nokuthungwa, inhlabathi ingahlukaniswa yaba amakilasi amane: isihlabathi, i-silt, loamy nobumba. Isigaba somhlabathi sinqunywe yinani lezinhlayiya ezahlukene zenhlabathi.
Inhlabathi yaseSandani inokubunjwa okunamandla ngenkathi inhlabathi yobumba ihamba kahle-ihlanganiswa futhi iqukethe izinhlayiya ezincane zobumba. Ama-clay particles ayinamathenda futhi aboleka impahla enamandla emhlabathini, ngakho inhlabathi ene-20% kuphela yobumba ingaziphatha njengomhlabathi we-gummy clayey. 'Umhlabathi we-Loam' ubhekisela emhlabathini onesihlabathi, isiliva kanye nobumba. Isibonelo, i-sandy clay loam inobumba obunama-30%, isihlabathi se-50% kanye nezinhlayiya ezingu-20% ze-silt.

Indlela Yokunquma Ubumbano Bomhlabathi

Uma usensimini, thatha inhlabathi encane bese ufaka amanzi amaningi ukwakha ibhola. Uma ungeke ukwazi ukwenza ibhola, inhlabathi iyisihlabathi. Zizwa ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi ngeminwe yakho ukubona ukuthi i-grainy (ishlabathi), i-silky noma i-floury (silt) noma i-plastic (ubumba).
Indlu yocwaningo ingahlola ukuthungwa komhlabathi kodwa umlimi angasebenzisa 'indlela yokusikisa' ukucacisa ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi epulazini lakhe. Abacwaningi be-South Africa Research Research Commission baqoqile ukuhlolwa okulula ukuthola ukunqunywa kwenhlabathi:
Inhlabathi
Inhlabathi inezinto zobumba ezingaphansi kuka-10%. Akusilo 'isoseji' kodwa, kuye ngokuthi okuqukethwe ngobumba, kungakha ibhola elizinzile.
Isihlabathi se-Loamy
Unokuqukethwe kokudaka okungu-10 - 15%. Izinhlamvu zamasayizi aphakathi futhi zingasetshenziswa phakathi kwesithupha nesithupha. Uhlobo lwe-brittle 'sausage'.
I-Sandy loam
Unokuqukethwe kokudumba okungu-15 - 20%. Ungakha 'isoseji' enzima kodwa ihlukane nokucindezela okuncane.
Ubumba lwe-sandy loam
Unokuqukethwe kokudumba okungama-20 - 35%. Iphuma emgodini oqinekile, kodwa iphula uma i-U isimo.
I-Clay loam
Iqukethe ubumba obunama-27 - 40%. Ufometha ukuma kwe-U enzile, kodwa iphula uma i-donut noma i-ring.
Ubumba obumhlabathi
Unokuqukethwe kokudumba okungama-35 - 50%. Kubonisa izindawo zobumba, kodwa futhi ubuhlungu lapho kugubha. Iphuka lapho kukhishwa indandatho.
Ubumba
Unobumba obungaphezu kuka-50%. Umhlabathi udala indandatho enzile ngaphandle kokuqhekeza futhi ikhombisa ukungabi khona kwe-grittiness.

Izitshalo nokuThulwa komhlabathi

©Dr David Lindbo (North Carolina State University)
Ukuthungwa komhlabathi kunquma izinga lapho amanzi egeleza khona emhlabathini futhi ngenxa yalokho amanzi atholakalayo esitshalweni. Izinhlayiya zasentshonalanga enhlabathini zihambisa amanzi kanye ne-aeration yenhlabathi. Umhlabathi waseSandani unomthamo ophansi kakhulu wokubamba amanzi kunomhlabathi wobumba ukuze amanzi kanye nomanyolo kungenezelwa njalo emhlabathini onesihlabathi kunomhlabathi wobumba.
Udaba lwe-Organic lubuye lubuyele ngokushesha emhlabathini ngenhlabathi ephezulu ngoba kuzoba khona umoya ophezulu emhlabathini obuningi bezinhlayiyana ezincane - inqubo yokubola yezinto eziphilayo idinga umoya-mpilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlabathi enothile kahle inokuqukethwe okuphezulu komoya, okwenza kube nezimpande ezitshalweni ezinempilo.
Inhlabathi enezinto ezinobumba obuningi ingagcina izakhi eziningi namanzi ngoba inhlabathi enezinhlayiya ezincane zobumba inendawo enkulu ebunini ngalinye. Izinhlayiya zokugaya zikhokhiswa kabi futhi ngakho-ke zinama-ion amnandi futhi zingabambelela noma zikhangise, izakhi ezinomsoco ezinjenge-ammonium (i-nitrogen-compound), i-potassium, i-calcium, i-magnesium nezinye izici zokulandelela.
Ikhono lomhlabathi lokulwa nokuguqulwa kwe-pH ngokuyinhloko linqunywa ngendaba ephilayo kanye nokuqukethwe ngobumba. Izitshalo zomhlaba zibhekwa njengenhlabathi engcono kakhulu yezitshalo eziningi.

Ukuthuthukiswa koMhlabathi

Zombili umhlabathi weshlabathi nomhlabathi ungathuthukiswa ngokuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ezifana nomquba, izithombo zokutshala izitshalo, umquba wezilwane, amaqabunga omdala, izihlahla zemifino kanye nama-peels.

Translated by Nsika Khoza