Indlela ihlabathi ezwakala ngayo lokha nayisesandleni kunomthelela ekuvundeni kwehlabathi, beyibenomthelela ekuhlanganeni nokusebenzeka kwehlabathi leyo. Ngokungezelelweko, indlela ihlabathi ephatheka ngayo nengaphakathi lebumba/daka layo linemithelela eqakatheke khulu ekuvezeni izinga lomoya okhona ehlabathini nezinga lamanzi eliwaphetheko- nokumunya amanzi lula yihlabathi.
Indlela Ihlabathi Ezwakala Ngayo Esandleni Lokha Nawuyiphetheko
Indlela ihlabathi ebambeka ngayo kuveza isilinganiso sama-particles asehlabathini. Isibonelo, isanda inama-particles amanengi khulu ukudlula webumba/daka. Ama-particles asedakeni/bumba anerherho elisuka ku 0.05 kuya ku 2.0 mm, ama-particles wesanda efeyini khulu ahlangana na 0.002 ne 0.05 mm idayamitha besekuthi ama-particles wedaka/bumba angaphasi kwe 0.002 mm ngesilinganiso. Ama-particles wegerebula nofana wamatje makhulu ukudlula i2 mm begodu akatjhejwa lokha nakunikelwa indlela ihlabathi ephatheka ngayo.
Ngokuya ngokuphatheka, ihlabathi ingahlukaniswa ngeengaba ezine: isanda emakghwakghwa, isanda efeyini khulu,isibovunedaka/bumba. Isigaba ihlabathi esikiyo sinikelwa kulinganisana kwama-particles ahlukahlukeneko wehlabathi.
Ihlabathi eyisanda ukuphatheka kwayo kuzwakala kumakghwakghwa besekuthi kwehlabathi yedaka/bumba kuzwakale kutjhelela begodu ihlabathi yakhona inama-particles amancani wedaka/bumba. Ama-particles wedaka/bumba ayanamathela begodu athambile lokha nawuyibambako, ngalokho ihlabathi enedaka/bumba eyi 20% ingabonaka njengehlabathi yedaka/bumba eregako. ‘Ihlabathi yesibovu’ iyihlabathi enama-particles womhlobo wehlabathi yesanda emakghwakghwa, isanda efeyini khulu nehlabathi yedaka/bumba. Isibonelo, isibovu sesanda yedaka/bumba yakhiwe nge 30% idaka/bumba, 50% isanda ne 20% yama-particles wehlabathi emakghwakghwa.
Kuhlolwa Bunjani Ukuphatheka Kwehlabathi
Lokha nawusemasimini, thatha ihlabathi engalingana isandla uyihlanganise namanzi kancani ubumbe ibholo. Nawungakghoni ukubumba ibholo, kutjho bona ihlabathi leyo iyisanda. Izwelela ukuphatheka kwehlabathi esandleni sakho ngemino yakho ukubona bona ihlabathi leyo iyisanda emakghwakghwa, isanda yesilika nofana isanda efeyini nofana yidaka/bumba eregako.
Elabhoratri bangahlola ukuphatheka kwehlabathi kodwana umlimi angasebenzisa indlela yokuhlola ebizwa nge-‘sausage method’ ukuthola indlela ihlabathi yeplasini lakhe ebambeka ngayo. Abarhubhululi beSewula Afrika be-Water Research Commission benze indlela elula yokuhlola ukuthola indlela ihlabathi ephatheka ngayo.
Isanda
Isanda inedaka/bumba engaphasi kwe 10%. Lokha nayihlanganiswe namanzi ayiyenzi i-‘sausage’kodwana, ngokuya kwedaka elikhona phakathi kwayo ingenza ibholo elihlangeni kuhle.
Isibovu sesanda
Inedaka/bumba engaba ku 10 - 15%. Amatjana amancani wakhona isilinganiso sawo siphakathi begodu ungakghona ukuwezwelela ngemino lokha nawubamba isanda. Ibumba i-‘sausage’ enamabharasi.
Isanda yesibovu
Inedaka/bumba angaba yi 15 - 20%. Lokha nawuyihlanganisa namanzi ingabumba i-‘sausage’ edege kodwana ingaphuka nofana ibharase lokha nawuyigandelelako.
Isanda yedaka/bumba yesibovu
Inedaka engalingana na 20 - 35%. Lokha nawuyirolako ibumba i-‘sausage’ ehlangene kuhle kodwana iyahlukana lokha nawububha u-U.
Idaka/bumba yesibovu
Ina 27 - 40% yedaka/bumba. Lokha nayihlanginiswe namanzi ibumba u- U ohlangene kuhle, kodwana iyahlukana nofana Iyabharasa lokha nawuyibumba uyenze iberondo.
Isanda yedaka
Inedaka elingaba yi 35 - 50%. Itjengisa ukubakhona kwama-properties wedaka/bumba, kodwana lokha nawuyiphathako izwakala amatje amancazana. Iyabharasa lokha nawubumba irondo.
Idaka/bumba
Inedaka engaphezulu kuka 50%. Ihlabathi yakhona nayihlanganiswe namanzi ibumba irondo elihlangene kuhle ngaphandle kokuveza amabharasi begodu ayinawo namatje.
Iintjalo Nokuphatheka Kwehlabathi
Indlela ihlabathi ephatheka ngayo itjengisa izinga amanzi angenelela ngalo ehlabathini beyiveze nokobana kunamanzi angangani akhona esitjalweni. Ama-particles wesanda asehlabathini alekelela ukumunya kwamanzi yihlabathi. Ihlabathi eyisanda inamazinga aphasi wokubamba amanzi ukudlula ihlabathi yedaka/bumba ngalokho amanzi neemvundisi kungafakwa njalonjalo ehlabathini yesanda kunaleyo yehlabathi yedaka/bumba.
I-organic matter ingenelela msinya ehlabathini enesanda enengi njengombana kunomoya omunengi okhona ehlabathini enesilinganiso esinengi sama-particle- ihlelo lokubola kwama-organic matter kutlhoga umoya. Ngokungezelela, ihlabathi emunya amanzi kuhle enomoya omunengi, kunomthelela ekutheni isitjalo sibe nemirabho ephilileko.
Ihlabathi enedaka elinengi ikghona ukulonda izakhi namanzi ngombana ihlabathi enedaka elinama-particles amancani linengaphasi elikhulu umthamo iyunithi ngayinye. Ama-particles wedaka/bumba anama-ions begodu akghona ukudosa bekabambe amanzi, nama-elements afana ne-amoniya, i-potassium, i-calcium, i-magnesium namnye ama-trace elements.
Ikghono lehlabathi lokungathathi itjhuguluko le-pH lilethwa khulu ma-organic matter nokumumethwe yidaka/bumba. Ihlabathi yesibovu ithathwa njengehlabathi elungele ukutjala iintjalo zemihlobo eminengi.
Ukwenza Ncono Indela Ihlabathi Ephatheka Ngayo
Zombili ihlabathi yesanda neyedaka/bumba zingenziwa ncono ngokungeza i-organic matter efana ne-compost ivundela, ama-crop residues, umanyoro weenlwane, amakari amadala, namakelo wemirorho.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana