Ukuvundiswa kwamadlelo kuqakathekile, kokubili lokha nakuthonywa ukutjalwa nalada lokha nakutlhogonyelwa amadlelo. Umncopho wokuvundisa amadlelo uqiniseka kobana amumathe izakhimzimba ezitlhogwa ukobana kukhiqizwe iinlwane bekukhiqizwe i-dry matter eyaneleko kobana kuphiwe ifuyo ukudla
Ngokuya ngokwendlela ze-agroecology, ukondla ihlabathi kuqakatheke khulu kunokuvunza iintjalo. Njeke, ukuthoma kweprogramu yokuvundisa kufanele kuthonywe ngokobana kuhlolwe ihlabathi kuhle, ukuze kubonwe kobana itjhoda ngezakhimzimba ezinjani ihlabathi
I-pH Kanye Nokuba Khona Kwezakhimzimba
Ukumedwa kwe-pH kusukela ku-0 ukuya ku-4 ene-pH 7. Ngaphasi kwalokho i-pH 7 ine asidi enengi khulu begodu ngaphezu kwe-pH 7 kune-alkaline enengi. Umncopho omkhulu wokulungisa i-pH yehlabathi kulungisa i-asidi yehlabathi edlala indima ekubeni khona kwezakhimzimba ezisehlabathini.
Ukufaka i-lime yezolimo kupha iintjalo izakhimzimba ezitlhogako ezifana ne-calcium kanye nemagnesium. Zingaphungula i-aluminium eyitjhefu ingezelele ukuba khona kwe-phosphorus (P) esehlabathini.
Ehlabathini ene-asidi ene-pH ephasi kwaka-6, ukuba khona kwe-nitrogen encibilikako kabuthaka. Godu ukubakhona kwezakhimzimba ezincani ezifana ne-manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) kanye ne-boron (B) ziyancipha i-pH nayingezelelekako – nalokha ihlabathi nayiba ne-alkaline.
Utjani kanye nama-legumes zihlukile ekujamelaneni ne-pH yehlabathi, utjani burhona ukujamelana ne-pH, ephasi nanyana lokha nayitlhoga ama-calcium (Ca) nanyana i-magnesium (Mg), kutlhogeka kobana kuphungulwe ihlabathi. Ama-legumes atlhoga ihlabathi ene asidi ehlangana nendawo ukobana ikhiqize isivuno esihle, kanye nekwakhekeni kwe-Rhizobium bacteria, elilunga eliqakathekileko lendlela ye-nitrogen yokulungisa i-legume ehlabathini. I-lime yezolimo iyahluka lokha nayifakwako kune-calcitic nanyana e-dolomitic begodu kuya ngokobana kutlhogeka enjani.
I-pH yehlabathi iyancipha lokha nakufakwa iimvundisi ezine-ammonium begodu isetjenziswa lokha nakunamaphesende aphezulu we-legume etjaliweko.
I-Phosphorus
I-Phosphorus (P) etlhogeka emadlelweni wotjani ivamise kobana ithathelwe phasi nanyana amadlelo wotjani angasinda elevelini ephasi ye-phosphous, amadlelo azobamadle, ngebanga kokuhlangana kwe-nitrogen kanye ne-phosphorus, i-phosphorus iqakathekile ekukhiqizeni ngepumelelo kwama-legumes khulukhulu emadlelweni we-lurcene. Ukwenza umzekelo, i-clover ivamise ukumila eendaweni ezinezulu elinengi, lapha ukufakwa kwe-P kanye ne-agricultural lime kutlhogakala khona.
I-Potassium
Lokha amadlelo adliwa yifuyo, i-90% ye-pottasium (K) ethathwa yifuya lokha nazidla emadlelweni ziphinde zibuyele ehlabathini ngomanyoro nanyana umthundo. Nanyana kunjalo, nange amadlelo akhathwa ngeskhathi soke ihoyi nanyana i-silage, potassium ziyaphuma emadlelweni. Ukwenza isibonelo, kusuka i-10 kg etjanini obuyitani be-weeping love grass (Eragrostics curvula) lokha nabuvunwako. Qiniseka bona i-pottasium ihlala ikhona ehlabathini ngokuyifaka qobe nyaka.
I-Nitrogen
I-Nitrogen (N) iqakatheke khulu ekukhiqizeni amadlelo aphumelelako. Kuprogramu enye nenye yokuvundisa, kufanele kulinganiswe i-nitrogen kanye nezakhimzimba ezifana ne-phosphorus kanye ne-pottasium. I-nitrogen ingafakwa kuzekube kasithandathu ukobana ifakwa kayingakhi kuzokuya ngokobana kukhiqizwa umhlobo onjani wamadlelo, ubude beskhathi akhuliswa ngawo, ubujamo bezulu kanye nokobana umhlambi ulalaphi. Armadillo akhula ehlobo asebenzisa i-nitrogen kuhle ekuthomeni kweskhathi sonyaka sokutjala.
Amadlelo ane-Rhizobium asele akhulile atlhoga i-nitrogen. Nange amadlelo amatjha atjhuguluka abe sarulana, kungatjho kobana i-Rhizobium bacteria isingakathomi ukulungisa i-nitrogen emoyeni nanyana estjalweni singatlhagiswa kutlhoga i-nitrogen.
Ama-Trace Elements
Ukutlhogeka kwama-trace elements khulukhulu e-molybdenum (Mo) kunganciphisa umkhiqizo wama-legume, kodwana kungalungiswa. Ukuhlolwa kwehlabathi kanye nesiyeleliso somsebenzi wezolimo kuyaphakanyiswa.
Tjheja: ilwazeli lenzelwe ukufundisa kwaphela kanye nomcopho wokupha ilwazi kwaphela begodu akukafaneli lisetjenziswe njesiyeleliso sokuvundisa. Ukuthola ilwazi lokobana ihlabathi uyipha njani ukudla nokuvundisa amadlelo thinta abasebenzi bezolimo nanyana abasabalalisi bazo.
Translated by Busisiwe Prudance Skhosana