Ukuhlwanyela kwamadlelo kubalulekile, kokubili ngesikhathi sokutshala kanye nangemva kokugcina amadlelo. Inhloso yokukhulelwa ngamadlelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idlelo liqukethe izakhi ezidingekayo ekukhiqizeni izilwane futhi likhiqize ngokwanele indaba eyomile yokondla imfuyo.
Ngokusho kwemigomo ye-agroecology, ukondla inhlabathi kubaluleke kakhulu kunokondla isivuno. Ngakho-ke, ukuqala kohlelo lokutshala kufanele kube ukuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi efanele ukucacisa izakhiwo zomhlabathi kanye nokuntuleka komsoco / okweqile.
Ukwakhiwa Komhlaba ne Zinga le-pH
Isilinganiso se-pH siya kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-14 nge-pH 7 njengephuzu elingathathi hlangothi. Ngezansi kwe-pH 7 iyama-acidic futhi ngaphezu kwe-pH 7 i-alkaline. Inhloso eyinhloko nokulungiswa komhlabathi pH ukulungisa ubuningi behlabathi njengoba inhlabathi i-pH idlala indima ekutholakaleni komsoco enhlabathini.Ukwengeza uketshezi wezolimo kunikeza izakhi ezidingekayo zezitshalo ezifana ne-calcium ne-magnesium, inganciphisa amazinga aluminium enobuthi bese ukwandisa ukutholakala kwe-phosphorus (P) emhlabathini.
Enhlabathini ye-asidi ye-pH engaphansi kwezingu-6, ukutholakala kwe-nitrogen enesitshalo esinezitshalo kuyashesha. Futhi, ukutholakala kwama-micronutrients manganese (Mn), insimbi (i-Fe), ithusi (Cu), i-zinc (Zn) ne-boron (B) iyancipha ukunciphisa inhlabathi uma i-pH iyanda - lapho inhlabathi iba i-alkaline.
Ama-grasses kanye nama-legumes ahlukile ekubekezeleni kwabo enhlabathini pH. I-Grasses ikwazi ukubekezelela i-pH ephansi, nakuba ngabe kune-calcium (Ca) noma i-magnesium (Mg), ukuntuleka kwenhlabathi kuyadingeka.
Imifino idinga i-asidi elinganisiwe emhlabathini ongathathi hlangothi ukukhiqiza isivuno esihle, nokuthuthukiswa kwama-bacterium e-Rhizobium, ahambisana nenqubo yokulungisa i-nitrogen ye-legumes emhlabathini. Izicelo ze-lime zezolimo zingashintsha phakathi kwekhasi le-calcitic noma i-dolomitic futhi zizoxhomeka esimweni sokuntuleka.
I-pH yomhlabathi ivame ukwehla (i-acidify) uma umanyolo we-ammonium-based usetshenzisiwe noma lapho kukhulunywa amaphesenti aphezulu emifino.
I-Phosphorus
Ngokuvamile izidingo zamaphosphorus ezinotshani obusotshani zinganakwa futhi nakuba izindawo zokutshala zingasinda emazingeni aphansi e-phosphorus, isivuno semfuyo siyoba ngaphansi kwamandla. Ngenxa yokuxhumana phakathi kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, i-phosphorus ibaluleke kakhulu uma i-nitrogen isetshenziswa emadlelweni. I-Phosphorus (P) ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okuphumelelayo kwemifino ikakhulukazi emadlelweni ama-lucerne. Isibonelo, ama-clover avame ukukhula ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu zemvula, lapho kudingeke ukuthi izicelo ze-P nezolimo zihlale zidingeka.
I-Potassium
Lapho kudliwa amadlelo, cishe amaphesenti angama-90 we-Potassium (K) asithathwe yi-stock grazing isetshenziswa kabusha emhlabathini ngomquba nomchamo. Kodwa-ke, uma amadlelo adliwa njalo ngotshani noma silage, i-potassium isusiwe. Isibonelo, i-10 kg ye-potassium isusiwe ngetoni ngayinye yokukhala utshani utshani (i-Eragrostics curvula) evunyiwe. Gcina izinga elifanele le-potassium enhlabathini ngezicelo zaminyaka yonke.
I-Nitrogen
I-Nitrojeni (N) iyisihluthulelo sokukhiqizwa okuphumelelayo kwamadlelo endle. Kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokufaka umquba, kufanele kube nokulinganisela phakathi kwe-nitrogen nezakhi ezifana ne-phosphorus ne-potassium, amazinga kufanele ahlobaniswe nomswakama kanye nohlobo lwamadlelo. I-Nitrogen ingasetshenziswa kuze kube izikhathi eziyisithupha futhi imvamisa yesicelo iyoxhomeka ezinhlotsheni zokudla, ukukhiqiza, ubude benkathi ekhulayo, isimo sezulu kanye nalapho umhlambi ulala khona.
Amadlelo asetshenziswe ehlobo asebenzisa i-nitrogen ngokuphumelelayo esikhathini esizayo futhi kungase kuzuze ukugqoka ngokufanele. Izitshalo ezinamakhadi ase Rhizobium athuthukile azidingi i-nitrogen. Uma udlelo olusha olusanda kumiswa luphenduka ophuzi, kungasho ukuthi amabhaktheriya e-Rhizobium awazange aqale ukulungisa i-nitrogen emoyeni noma isitshalo singase sibe nokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen. Ukwehlisa i-nitrogen kunganqoba le nkinga.
Cinga Izakhi
Ukwehluleka kwezici zokulandelela ikakhulukazi i-molybdenum (iMo) kungavimbela ukukhiqizwa okusemnandi kwezitshalo, kodwa kungashintshwa kalula. Ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi neseluleko esivela kumeluleki wezolimo kunconywa.Uyacelwa ukuthi uqaphele: Ulwazi lunikeza izinhloso zemfundo nolwazi kuphela futhi angeke lithathwe njengeseluleko sokukhulelwa. Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi ngokudla inhlabathi yakho nokukhulelwa kwamadlelo thintana nochwepheshe wakho wezolimo noma umphakeli.
Translated by Nsika Khoza