Kunonisiwa ka madyelo swina nkoka, hinkwako loko kaha byariwa xikan’we naloko madyelo yari eku hlayisiweni. Xikongomelo nkulu xaku nonisa madyelo iku tiyisisa leswaku madyelo yana swakudya leswi lavekaka eka vuhumelerisi bya swifuwo naswona swihumelerisa dry matter yo ringanela kuphamela swifuwo.
Kuya hi milawu ya agroecology, ku phamela misava swina nkoka swinene kutlula ku phamela swimilani. Leswivulaka leswaku, ndzhawu yo sungula nongonoko waku nonisa misava kufanele kuva swikambelo swa misava kutiva leswi yingana swona xikan’we na swakudya leswi kayivelaka kumbe swinga tala eka yona.
pH Ya Misava Navukona Bya Swakudya
Mpimo wa xikalu xa pH wusungula eka 0 kuya eka 14 leyingana pH 7 tani hi nhlayo yale xikarhi. Ehansi ka pH 7 swivula leswaku misava yina acid naswona ehenhla ka pH 7 swivula leswaku yina alkaline. Xikongomelo nkulu xaku lulamisa pH ya misava iku lulamisa acid tani hileswi pH ya misava yingana xiave eka swakudya leswi kumekaka eka misava.
Ku katsiwa ka agricultural lime swi avela swakudya swa swimilani leswi lavekaka swofana na calcium na magnesium, swinga hunguta nhlayo ya aluminium leyi dlayaka xikan’we naku engetelela vukona bya phosphorus (P) eka misava.
Eka misava ya acid leyingana pH leyinga ehansi ka 6, vukona bya nitrogen ya swimilani leyi n’okaka bya nonoka. Hile tlhelo, vukona byati micronutrients manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) na boron (B) byi tala ku hunguteka loko pH ya misava yi tlakuka – loko misava yisungula kuva alkaline.
Mabyasi nati legumes swa hambana eka ku kondzelela ka swona ka pH ya misava. Byasi byinga kondzelela pH yale hansi, hambi leswi loko kuri na calcium (Ca) kumbe mpfumaleko wa magnesium (Mg), kucheriwa ka lime eka misava swalaveka. Ti legumes ti lava acid yale hansi kuya exikarhi ya misava leswaku yita tisa mbuyelo wa kahle, xikan’we naku tumbuluxiwa ka ti bacteria ta Rhizobium, letingana nkoka swinene eka ndzulamiso wa nitrogen eka misava yati legumes. Ku cheriwa ka Agricultural lime swinga hambana exikarhi ka calcitic kumbe dolomitic lime naswona switaya hi nkayivelo lowunga kona.
pH ya misava yitala ku hunguteka (acidify) loko swononisa leswingana ammonia switirhisiwa kumbe nhlayo yale henhla yati legumes yi byariwa.
Phosphorus
Swilaveko swa Phosphorous (P) ya madyelo ya byasi yitala kuka yinga tekeriwi enhlokweni naswona hambi leswi madyelo ya byasi yanga kotaka ku hanya laha kungana nhlayo yale hansi ya phosphorous, mbuyelo wa madyelo wutava e hansi ka ndlela leyi languteriweke. Hiko kwalaho ka nhlangano wa nitrogen na phosphorous, phosphorus yiva ya nkoka swinene loko nitrogen yi cheriwa eka madyelo. Phosphorous yina nkoka swinene eka kuhumelela ka vuhumelerisi bya ti legumes ngopfu ngopfu eka madyelo lawa ya cheletiwaka ya lucerne. Xikombiso, ti clovers titala kukula swinene eka tindzhawu letingana timpfula ta matimba, laha kucheriwa ka P na agricultural lime switalaka ku laveka.
Potassium
Loko madyelo ya dyiwa, kwalomu ka 90% wa Potassium (K) yi dyiwa hi swifuwo leswi dyaka kona kutani yitlheriseriwa eka misava hi xivumbeko xa vulongo na mitsakamiso. Hambiswiritano, loko madyelo ya tsemiwa hi minkarhi leswaku kuta endliwa hay kumbe silage, potassium ya susiwa. Xikombiso, 10 kg ya potassium yi susiwa eka ton yin’wana na yin’wana ya weeping love grass (Eragrostics curvula) leyi tshoveriwaka. Tiyisisa nhlayo leyinene ya potassium eka misava hikuva yi cheriwa lembe na lembe.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen (N) yina nkoka swinene eka kuhumelerisiwa lokukulu ka madyelo ya byasi. Eka nongonoko wun’wana na wun’wana wo nonisa misava, kufanele kuva na ndzingano exikarhi ka nitrogen na swakudya swofana na phosphorus na potassium, tinhlayo tifanele ti fambisana na ndzhongho xikan’we na muxaka wa madyelo. Nitrogen yinga cheriwa kufikela ka ntsevu naswona nkarhi wa machelelo wutaya hi muxaka wa madyelo, vuhumelerisi, ku leha ka nguva yokurisa, maxelo xikan’we na laha ntlhambi wa swifuwo wu etlelaka kona. Madyelo lawa ya kulaka hi ximumu ya tirhisa nitrogen hi xiyimo xale henhla emasunguleni ya nguva yokula naswona swingava eka xiyimo xa kahle swinene kuva yi cheleriwa ehenhla hi mfanelo.
Ti legumes letingana ti Rhizobium nodes letinga kula kahle a tilavi nitrogen. Loko kova na madyelo yantshwa yati legume lawa hundzukaka xitshopani, swinga vula leswaku ti bacteria ta Rhizobium ati se sungula ku lulamisa nitrogen kusuka eka moya kumbe ximilani xingava xi karhatiwa hi mpfumaleko wa nitrogen. Ku cheriwa e henhla ka nitrogen swinga lulamisa xiphiqo lexi.
Trace Elements
Mpfumaleko wati trace elements ngopfu ngopfu molybdenum (Mo) wunga tumbeta vuswikoti bya vuhumelerisi bya ti legumes, kambe swinga lulamisiwa. Swikambelo swa misava xikan’we na switsundzuxo kusuka eka mutsundzuxi wa swavurimi swa hlohleteriwa.
Tiva leswi: Vuxokoxoko lebyi i byo dyondzisa xikan’we naku nyika vuxokoxoko ntsena naswona byingaka byinga tekiwi tani hi switsundzuxo swaku nonisa. Kukuma vuxokoxoko byotala eka mphamelo wa misava na kunonisiwa ka madyelo tihlanganisi na mutivi wa swavurimi kumbe muphakeri.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni