Umhlaba weSintu nowe Bhotani waseRichtersveld

Ubuhle obu Obuyimfihlakalo

©Shem Compion
iRichtersveld yingingqi ezimele yodwa; ishushu, yomile kwaye ikhangeleka ngathi ayinabomi. Ewe kona inobuhle obuyimfihlakalo. Kodwa ingaba indawo eyome ngelahlobo inikwe isikhundla se World Heritage? Ngokwempepha ezalungiswa ngumbutho onyulayo, esi siza sinendalo kunye nezinto zesintu eziyenza ibeyeyekhethekileyo. Kwaye oku kuyenza ihambelane nemigangatho esekiweyo ukuze indawo ibizwe nge World Heritage site. Ngamanye amagama kuninzi okungakhawulezi kuqapheleke kule ndawo yase Richtersveld.
Ngokokuballuleka kwesintu, iRitchtersveld likhaya lamalungu okugqibela ohlanga lwama Nama wama Khoikhoi nabasaphila ngendlela yabo yakudala, yokufuduka bangahlali ndaweni nye. Olu hlanga luphila ngalendlela ingasaqhelekiyo, luhlala ngokwamaqela amancinci. Aba bantu bamane ukufuduka nemihlambi yabo yeegusha kunye neebhokwe, ukuya kumadlelo aluhlaza anokuthi itye kuwo imfuyo yawo.

Okunye kukuba abanye babo basahlala kwizindlu zabo zamandulo ezibizwa nge matjieshuise (ooronta beengcongolo), ezizindlu zaziwa nge |haru oms ngokolwimi lwesi Nama. Lamasiko nezithethe angatshitshiyo angaphaya kweminyaka engama 2000 ubudala.

Indalo Eyahlukeneyo Emangazayo

©David Fleminger
Indalo elapha nayo iyancomeka. Nangona imvula inqabile, kukho iqela lemo zezulu elikhoyo eRichtersveld elivumela indalo eyahlukeneyo emangazayo yobomi bebhotani ukuba ichume. Iindidi ezingama 350 ezithe tshitshilili kulo mmandla kwaye iqulathe awona masimi eendidi ezahlukeneyo ze lichen (ezifumaneka kufuphi nase Alexander Bay). Ngaphezulu, iRitchtersveld yinxalenye yezityalo ezingamagqabi ezibizwa nge Succulent Karoo biome.
Ezi zityalo zikho imimandla ekunxweme lase ntshona lo Mzantsi Afrika kunye namazantsi Namibia. Lo mmandla uthe gabaala uqulathe isibalo ngaphaya kwama 5000 eendidi zezityalo kwaye malunga nama 40% wezi zityalo zixhaphakile. Oku kuquka nezityalo ezikwazi ukugcina amanzi ezinqabileyo, nto leyo iyenza lendawo ibeyenye kwezimbini kuphela iindawo ekufumaneka kuyo izityalo ezikhula kwiindawo ezomileyo kuphela, kwihlabathi liphela. Enye ke indawo ekwiphondo lelizwekazi lase Afrika.

Noxa kunjalo, yaba sisintu nentlalo yamafama ohlanga lwama Nama kunye nendlela abaphila ngayo yakumaxesha amandulo eyenza ukuba esi siza sibekwizinga eliphezulu ngokukhetheka nokungafani nezinye iindawo, okwenza lendawo ikhethwe yi UNESCO kunye ne komiti yayo ephandayo.
Kwingxelo yabo, bafumanisa ukuba esi siza sineqondo eliphezulu lokunyaniseka nokungangxengwa xa kujongwa ezi nkalo zimbini. Indlela yakudala yokufuduka rhoqo ngamaxesha athile onyaka isasetyenziswa kulendawo. Iintonga zokukhaphela imfuyo kunye nezindlu abazibiza nge |haru oms zisastyenziswa njengenxalenye yempilo yemihla-ngemihla.

Kwaye nendlela zama Nama zokwalusa nokufuduka nemfuyo ibubungqina bokuba lendlela yamandulo yokulawula umhlaba incede ukulondoloza indalo nezityalo ezinkenenkene eziyi Succulent Karoo.

Uluhlu Lwe World Heritage

©David Fleminger
Emveni kokufumanisa oku, umhlaba wesintu kunye ne bhotani wase Richtersveld wafakwa kuluhlu lwe World Heritage ngokwamanqanaba esi iv kunye ne v, viz esintu:

(iv)Ukuba ngumzekelo ophume izandla wentlobo yesakhiwo, indlela esimile ngayo kunye nobuchule be teknoloji. Okanye ubume bomhlaba nobonisa (a) amanqanaba/inqanaba elibalulekileyo kwimbali yabantu.
(v) Ukuba ngumzekelo ophume izandla wentlalo yabantu yesintu, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, okanye ukusetyenziswa kolwandle nolumele isithethe (okanye izithethe), okanye ukusebenzisana kwabantu nokubangqongileyo ingakumbi xa kunkenenkene ngenxa yotshintsho olungunaphakade.

Ezi ke zitolikwe yi UNESCO ngalendlela ilandelayo:
(iv) Umhlaba otyebileyo yibhotani eyahlukeneyo yaseRichtersveld, nebunjwe nayindlela ama Nama asebenzisa ngayo amadlelo. Kwaye ibonisa indlela yobomi eyaqhubeka kwisigidi seminyaka kwindawo ethande ukuba nkulu yamazantsi Afrika kwaye yabalinqanaba elibalulekileyo kwimbali yalengingqi.
(v) iRichtersveld yenye yengingqi ezimbalwa emazantsi Afrika nalapho abantu basaphila ngalendlela: Njengomhlaba wesintu (kuthetha ukuba ukudibana kwabantu kunye nezinto zendalo ezibangqongileyo) kubonisa izithethe ezidala nezimiyo zohlanga lwama Nama, abantu bemvelo balendawo.
Ukutshintsha tshintswa kwabo iindawo ekutya kuzo iimfuyo yabo nokumane befuduka, nokugcina indalo yezityalo yalendawo, yinto eyayisenziwa kulo lonke eli nesele yanqongophala ngoku kwezinye iindawo.

Ukunyaniseka Kwesi Siza

©Shem Compion
Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kodwa ke ukunyaniseka kwalendawo kusemngciphekweni. Kungoku nje kukho malunga nabantu abangama 300 kuphela abasasebenzisa indlela yakudala yokufuya, kwaye uninzi lwaba bantu ziingwevu. Amadlelo alengingqi asetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo, ubukhulu becala kungenxa yokuba sele kwade abanini mihlaba babucala kulendawo yama Nama, kwiminyaka elikhulu edlulileyo. Kwaye oku kunciphise ukufuduka ngokukhululekileyo kwabo banemfuyo.

Ukwembiwa kwemigodi ngakumlambo iOrange River kwakunye nase Richtersveld National Park, nazo zezinye ezinokubangela lomonakalo. Oku kutshabalalisa indalo ekulendawo kunye nezithethe zesintu zohlanga lwama Nama, nabashiya iilali zabo bayokusebenza kwiidolophu ezikufutshane.
Ngenxa yako konke oku, eyona World Heritage site sele icuthiwe ngokomlinganiselo yaphelela kwindawo ebizwa nge Richtersveld Community Conservancy (RCC). Le yingingqi yama 160 000 eehekthare, nelawulwa yi Sida !hub Community Property Association (CPA). Ukucacisa gca, le ngingqi ikhethiweyo ivalelwe emntla ngakwii ntaba ze
Vandersterr Mountains, kwakunye nomlambo we Orange River kunye neentaba zase Nababiep mountains entshona. Ukuya eMzantsi nase Ntsona, lengingqi ibiyelwe naziziduli zamadlelo. Kweli nqanaba, iRichtersveld National Park ethi ndijonge (emi kumntla weentaba ze Vandersterr Mountains) ayifakwanga kwi World Heritage site, ngoba kusekho imigodi eyombiwayo phakathi kwimida yayo.
Likhona ke ithemba lokuba iwonga le World Heritage lingayiquka nayo le paki. Kodwa oku kungenzeka xa sele imigodi sele ivaliwe nomhlaba sele uphinde wabuyiselwa esimeni sawo. Oku kungenzeka kungekudala ngoba lemigodi sele izakuphela, kwaye sele kukho nezivumelwano ezivumela amafama ohlanga lwama Nama ukuba atyise imfuyo yawo phakathi kwimida yale paki.

Translated by Zizipho Silwana