Inkcazelo Ngokuthenwa kwe Mithi yeMidiliya
Umthi womdiliya usisityalo esibhanguzayo ukukhula indalo yaso. Ngoko ke ukuba awuthenwanga ungathwala imidiliya ezibhantshi ezincinci kakhulu. Ngokuthi ithenwe ngendlela efanelekileyo, iye imile ngendlela efunekayo kwaye kulawuleke nomgangatho, isivuno kunye nobukhulu bee bhantshi.
Ukuthenwa kwenzelwa ukuphungula ukuchuma kakhulu. Ngelixa lokuthena isebe ebesele linayo imidiliya liyasuswa, kwakunye nawo onke amanye amasebe angafunekiyo emthini. Kuba zonke iibhantshi zikhula kubekanye ngonyaka emthini oneminyaka emibini. Kuthwenwa ebusika.
Eyona njongo yokuthena kukufumana nokugcina umthi umile ngendlela efunekayo entsimi kangangoko kunokukwazeka. Ngalendlela, ukumisa imithi yediliya ngezinti (trellis) busebenza ngendlela. Okwesibini, ukuthena ngendlela elungileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba isivuno esisemgangathweni ophezulu sibayimpumelelo.
Umthi omile kakuhle ubalulekile ngoba wenza kubelula ukuwukhathalela ne mitshini ayisokoli. Nomoya ungena kakuhle kwakunye nokukhanya kwelanga. Iibhantshi zemidiliya zikwakhula ngokulinganayo.
Ngaphezulu amasebe anako ukuthwala isiqhamo yaye iqinisekisa ukulingana phakathi kwee ngcambu nokukhula kwamasebe. Indlela ekuthenwa ngayo nobude bomthi othwala isiqhamo iyashiyana ngokwentsimi nganye. Okanye inokushiyana ngokwendi ezithile zemithi. Ingingqi ezityalwe kuyo nazo zidlala indima koku kwakunye nemakethi ezisakusetyenziswa kuyo lemidiliya.
Iindlela Zokuthena
Spur pruning: Uhlobo lokuthena nalapho amasebe asikwa kushiyeke izikhondo ezibini okanye esinye. Lendlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimidiliya yewayini. Half-long pruning: Luhlobo lokuthena nalapho imithi yenzelwa ukuba ihlale inamasebe abude busisiqingatha. Ivamise ukusetyenziswa kwimidiliya yase tafileni/yokutyiwa.
Apho kufuneka imveliso ephezulu yendidi ethile Isenokusetyenziswa ukwandisa ukuchuma nokuba umthi ngamnye uthwale isiqhamo esininzi. Guyot pruning: Kukuthenwa komthi womdiliya apho kushiyeka amahlahla amabini anezikhondo ezisibhozo kwicala ngalinye lomthi apha ngasesikhondweni. Zize zihlaziywe kwilixa lokuvuna elilandelayo.
iGuyot pruning ivamise ukusetyenziswa kumazwe abandayo ase Europe, kwimithi engatyebanga kakhulu efana ne Cabernet, Pinot Noir and Sauvignon Blanc. Kufuneka abatheni abaqeqeshekileyo. Long pruning: Uhlobo lokuthena nalapho amasebe ashiyeka nezikhondo ezingama 12-15. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwintlobo ye Sultana.
Imivuzo yalendlela yokuthena yeyokuba iqinisekisa isivuno esihle kuninzi lwemidiliya yasetafileni/yokutyiwa. Okubi kukuba idinga umsebenzi omninzi wezandla kwaye inzima. Mechanical pruning: Yenziwa ngemitshini kwaye eyona isetyenziswa kakhulu zezijonge ezantsi nangentla.
Zikhona nezinye intlono ze mechanization ezifana nezikere ezinamandla ezinceda kukhawulezise ukucheba. Bush vine pruning: Ibandakanya indlela yokwenza efanayo neye spur okanye i long pruning, kodwa amasebe asikwa ngabom. Kubalulekile ukugcina isiphakathi somthi sivulekile. Kwaye njengomthetho ibhola ekhatywayo kufanele ikwazi ukwanela kuyo.
Izigaba Zokuthenwa
iHedging, neyaziwa njenge pre-pruning (phambi kokuba kuthenwe imithi), kuxa ingxenye yemithi ichetywa ize isuswe nasemacingweni. iHedging yenziwa xa ubuncinane obungama 50% bamagqabi sele ewile xa nemithi sele imilile (xa sele kukho namaxolo kwimithana yediliya).
iPre-runing igabulela ukuthenwa okuye kwenziwe ethubeni. Isenokwenziwa ngemitshini okanye ngabasebenzi abangaqeqeshwanga. Xa usebenzisa uhlobo lokuthena oluyi long pruning, akufanelanga uyenze ihedging. iPreliminary okanye iclean pruning kuxa onke amasebe angathwali siqhamo esusiwe.
iPreliminary pruning yenziwa xa ama 50% amagqabi sele ewile, ze nemithi imilile kakuhle. iShort pruning sisigaba sokugqibela sokuthenwa kwemithi yediliya; nalapho izihlahla zishunqulwa ukuze kuntshule inani elifunekayo leziqhamo.
Ixesha Lokuthena
Ixesha lokuthena libalulekile. Ngokwesiqhelo, ukuthenwa kuqala xa yonke onke amagqabi emithana yediliya sele ewile; avamise ukuwa ekuqaleni kwenyanga ka Juni. Umthetho ngowokuba ukuthena kwangethuba kuphuhlisa ukukhula, logama ukuthena mva kunyusa ukuchuma nokuthi kwandise isivuno. Ukudubula kungacothiswa kangange veki ezimbini.
Ukuthena mva kungasetyenziswa kwiindawo apho iqabaka idla ngokonakalisa izityalo. Ukuthena ngokushunqula amasebe (short pruning) ngenyanga ka Agasti kungakhokelela ekwandeli amasebe adubulayo. Imithi echumileyo ingathenwa kwangethuba, kanye emva kokuvunwa, kanye ngethuba amagqabi esakhula.
Oku kwenzelwa ukunciphisa amasebe ongezelelekileyo ze kucuthwe nokukhula kwixesha elilandelayo. Indidi ezithile ezifana ne Hanepoot, kungumbono omhle ukushunqula amasebe (short pruning) nangoku susa onke amasebe angathwali siqhamo (clean pruning) ngaxesha nye.
Ukuphata Amasebe Asikiweyo
Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwabanye abavelisi, kwaye abo bathenayo bayaxelelwa kwangethuba ukuba bawashiye phi amasebe asikiweyo: Asasazwa esiphakathini semiqolo.
Ethubeni acukucezwe ngesarha ukuze asetyenziswa njenge mulch. Acukucezwe aze asasazwe kwi berm. Iberm ngumcu womhlaba kanye emazantsi omqolo wemithi yediliya. Ajwile kuyo yonke imiqolo yesibini-ivamise ukuba yimiqolo ekungatyalwanga kuyo izityalo zokugquma. Ekuhambeni kwethuba izakucukucezwa kwenziwe ngayo imulch.
Amanxeba Okuthenwa
Lamanxeba apho bekukho amasebe aye anyangwe emva kokuthenwa, ukuthintela ukungunda. Indlela ekuthintelwa ngayo ukungunda kuyashiyana kwifama nganye. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba ungaze uthene ngemini ezinethayo. Imizekelo yolawulo lokungunda: Coca izikere zakho xa ugqiba umqolo ngamnye.
Tshiza ngeyeza elithintela ukungunda kumanxeba okuthena, kanye emva kokuthena. Faka into yokuvala amanxeba ukuba amanxeba angaphelu kwe qekembe le 50 senti ubukhulu. Tshiza nge Trichoderma – indlela elungileyo yokuthintela amanxeba okuthena, kanye emva kokuthena.
Ukukhathalela Izikere Zokuthena
Ukulungiselela ilixa lokulima elilandelayo, nokugcina isikere sokuthena silungile ixesha elide, enza oku kulandelayo rhoqo: Coca isikere sokuthena rhoqo emva kokusisebenzisa, usebenzisa ikhothini yobuso enxuzwe kwi alcohol okanye ihydrogen peroxide. Sicocisise kanye ngexesha lokulima, ngokuthi usiqhabalakise isikere.
Wandule ukucoca icala ngalinye lodwa. Isipringi kufanele sisoloko sisebenza ngendlela kwaye kufuneka sigcinwe sicocekile, sithiwe chintsi ne oli. Qiniseka ukuba ubukhali baso abonakalanga, kwaye bulolwa ngendlela eyiyo. Isikere esidityaniswe/ esisetwe ngendlela engeyiyo singakudinisa kwaye singonakalisa isixhobo.
Lola isikere. Ukulola kumacala angawo kuphuhlisa indlela esisebenza ngayo kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba sicheba kakuhle isikere sakho. Kufanele sisulwe/sicocwe rhoqo ngethuba kuthenwa.
Translated by Zizipho Silwana