Mushumo wa u Kala u Thaba ha Mavu

U tshi khou Itela Mushumo wa u Sheledza

©Louise Brodie
Ndi zwa ndeme u sedza uri mavu o thabana u itela uri mune wa bulasi akone u divha uri ndi lini hune bulasi lawe la toda maḓi uri zwimela zwi dzule zwina mutakalo, hu ya shumiswa zwithu zwine zwa vha uri zwo ya nga u fhambana na zwishumiswa zwo fhambanaho kha u kona u lavhelesa mavu nahone zwinzhi zwine zwa vha uri zwo ḓoweleya zwa u sheledza ndi:
Ndi Neutron Probe Meter
Gypsum block
Tensiometer kana irrometer
U pfa na mbonalo
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Probe

The Neutron Probe Meter

Neutron Probe Meter u kala u thaba ha mavu nga u phaḓaladza dzi neutrons kha mavu anga matungo. Tshishumiswa tshi vha tshina probe mavheleloni a thambo ine ya isa kha tshikalo tsha tshibogisi. Probe i vha na tshiko tsha neutron ine ya ṱavhanya, hune hu nga kha ḓi vha u tangana ha radium na beryllium kana Americium na beryllium.
Huna tube ya Aluminium ine iya kona u swikela kha 500 mm uya kha 1 000 mm nga u lapfa na 32 mm nga u vulea ine hune ha vha ho valea zwa vhewa tsimuni, hune dza do vha dzi tshi khou kona u vhala u thaba ha mavu.

Neutron probe i vhewa nga fhasi ha tube ine ya kona u dzhena ya tsa fhasi zwine zwa vha zwo tendelwa ha bva dzi neutron dza u tavhanya dzi ya bviswa kha dzi probe. Dzi neutron dzi ya kona u phadalala kha mavu. Musi hedzi dzi neutron dzi tshi tangana na hydrogen atom ya madi, luvhilo lwa neutron lu ya fhungudzea lwa kona u kala meter dza madi kha dzi neutrons dzine dza vha dzi tshi khou tshimbila zwituku. Mbalo ya dzi neutron dzine dza vha dzi tshi khou tshimbila nga zwituku ivha i tshi khou ya kha molecule wa madi nga mavu ane avha anga tsini. Nga u vhea ndivho hei kha software hu ya kona u divhea u thaba ha mavu ubva kha curve ya calibration i tshi khou vhalela dzi neutron dzine dza vha dzi tshi khou tshimbila nga zwituku.
Pros
U kala ha hone hu ya tavhanya nahone hu vha hu tshi khou isa phanda. U tshi khou shumisa Neutron Probe a zwi todi uri mavu a khakhisiwe, u nga kona u kala fhethu hune havha uri ndi huhulwane (200 mm uya kha 400 mm) u fhira zwinwe zwishumiswa.
Cons
U tshi khou shumisa Neutron Probe zwi ya dura, u tshi khou shumisa tshiko tsha radioactivite zwine zwa toda na u dzula zwi tshi khou ṱhogomelwa nga muthu ane avha o khethea. Iya kona u vhala isa khakhi u thaba ha mavu ubva kha mavu ane avha uri o tsela fhasi vhukuma zwi dovha zwa vha vhuthada ngauri, dzi neutron dzine dza nga tavhanya dzi nga vha dzi si tsha tavhanya zwo itwa nga dzinwe dzi hydrogen kha manyoro na nga dzi trace dza atos dzine dzi ya vha hone kha mavu a nntha a 200 mm. Zwine zwa amba uri u humbulela ha u thaba mavu zwi vha zwo no fhira mpimo.

Gypsum, Vumba kana Plaster dza Paris Blocks

Hedzi dzi blocks dzi ya swika 550 mm nga u lapfa, 375 u vulea na 20 mm u khwaṱha. Dzi shuma u kala u thaba ha mavu nga u vhea dzi blocks henefho hune wa khou toda u vhona hone kha mavu. Hu ya kona u fhatiwa zwithu zwine zwa vha zwivhili 20 mm kule na kule kha dzi blocks.
Hoku kushumisele kwa u kala ku shuma nga mudagasi. Musi u vha hone ha mudagasi hu tshi khou fhirela kha dzi electrode mbili u hana u tshimbila ha mudagasi zwi vha zwi tshi khou amba uri mavu ha ngo thaba. Musi kha block ho thaba, conductivity ivha i nntha u hana hu ya vha fhasi. Nga vhudalo, electrode i vhala zwine zwa swika 400 uya kha 600 ohms, u hana nga kha tshikalo tsha tsimu hu vha hu 50 000, ndi hone hune tshimela tshi vha tshi si tsha kona u wana maḓi ubva kha mavu uri tshi kone u ima. Hu ya kona u dzhiwa zwa u vhala huna Wheatstone Bridge Bouycos buroho ya madi huna dzi cele dzine dza vha uri dzo oma.
Cons
Gypsum blocks adzi tou fulufhedzea kha mavu ane avha uri o thaba.

Tensiometer/Irrometer

©Louise Brodie
Tensiometer ndi tshi shumiswa tshine tsha kona u kala khudano ine ya farwa nga madi kha mavu. I vha ina, kha thodzi, tshithu tsha 8 cm tsha vumba tshine tsha vha tsho tanganiswa kha ngilasi ya u tsireledza ya metallic na gauge ya vacuum kha thodzi. Kushumisele ku vha ko dadziwa nga madi huneha vha ho vulea kha thodzi zwine zwi ya kona u tsonzwa thodzi dza vumba. Zwi ya mbo di dzhena kha vacuum musi zwi tshi ya mavuni.
Uya kona u panga tensiometer nga ugwa mulindi une wa vha wo vulea na u tandavhuwa zwo linganelaho uri hu kone u dzhena tube kha midzi ine yaha i tshi khou tshila ya tshimela. Hu fanela uvha hu sina muya kha thodzi ya tube. I fanela u dzhena ya fhelela i tshi khou manyiwa. U thaba u bva kha khaphu zwi do vhonala nga mulandu wa mavu ane avha uri o oma. Hezw zwi sika vacuum kha tube ine ya kaliwa nga gauge. Musi hu tshi swikiwa kha khudano, mavu a fanela u sheledziwa. Gauge ya vacuum, I sumbedza tshikalo tsha khudano u swika kha muya fhedzi i vhala u swika kha 0.85 atmosphere.
Pros
Tensiometer zwo leluwa uri u i pange na u kona u vhala u thaba ha mavu. I shuma uri u kone u divha uri ndi lini hune wa nga sheledza zwimela, zwine zwa vha uri zwi kha mavu ane avha uri o oma.
Cons
U kona u pfesesa tensiometer zwi kona u swika kha 0.85 atmospheres ngeno zwinwe zwine zwa vha zwi hone zwa u kona u vhona u thaba ha mavu zwi tshi swika kha atmosphere nthihi. Tensiometer i dovha ya kona u shuma kha mavu ane avha uri ana mutavha u fhira mavu o khwathaho.

U pfa na Mbonalo

Arali zwothe zwo ambiwaho hafho nntha zwi hone, hezwi zwi ya kona u humbulela u thaba ha mavu zwi nga shumiswa sa zwithu zwa u fhedzisa zwine zwa vha zwo dzhiwa ho sedziwa u tsa fhasi ha mavu. Unga dzhia na mavu wa a puta kha zwanda u nga kona u vhona u thaba ha mavu wa kona u zwi shumisa. Nga u shumisa hezwi zwithu, u tou kona u toi divha tshothe uri mavu o thaba zwiya konda.

Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Probes

©Louise Brodie
TDR probes ndi kushumisele kuswa kune kwa shuma musi hu tshi khou toda u sheledziwa. Kushumisele hokwu ku kala tshifhinga tshine tsha vha tsho dzhiwa u tshi khou shumiswa electrical pulse kha u tshimbila vhulapfu ya tsimbi i sinaho tshika ine ya vha yo pangiwa nga mavu.
TDR probes dzi shumiswa kanzhi kha dzi greenhouse nahone dzi amba zwa vhukuma. Naho zwo ralo dzi ya dura vhukuma arali u tshi khou toda u dzi shumisa fhethu hune havha uri ndi huhulwane.

Translated by Khalirendwe Nekhavhambe