Kushisisa kwasungulwa ngu Louis Pasteur, sosayensi wase French. Watfola kutsi kushisisa lubisi kube setulu bese ngekushesha uyalipholisa ngaphambi kwekutsi lifakwe ebhodleleni noma lipakishwe kungalenta lihlale lilisha sikhatsi lesidze.
Kwatsi muva wabuyela wayosebenta nga bhiya kwatsi ngemnyaka wa 1873, wacala indlela yekushisisa bhiya.
Nomakunjalo, kushisisa akusiyo indlla yekwelapha tintfo letimbi kanye nendlela yekulungiselela, ngako kunakekela kudla kanye nelizinga kuyintfo lebalulekile ngesikhatsi sekukhicitwa kwetinongo letiluhlata.
Ngeminyaka ya 1800, lubisi lolwaluchamuka etilwaneni letigulako lebelakheke etindzaweni letingakahlobi lwabanga kufa kwebantfu labayinkhulungwane. Kwase, balimi bayabona kutsi kushisiswa kwelubisi bese lunikwa ematfole kwanciphisa ituberculosis kumihlambi yato.
Yini Kushisisa?
Kushisisa kushisisa lokuncane lokwelaphako (60 - 100°C) kwentfo lemanti kanye nekudla lokucinile imizuzwana lembalwa ngaphambi kwekupholisa. Kushisisa kubulala ienzymes kanye tifo letibanga tifo letincane letifana ne Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 ne Staphylococcus aureus.
Indlela Yekushisisa
Lokushisa kanye nesikhatsi sekushisisa kushiyana ngenhlobo yekudla kanye nekupakishwa. Kudla lokungashisiswa kufaka emacandza, ijusi yesitselo, icider kanye na bhiya, iwayini ye Kosher, emantongomane, flour kanye neluju.
Leminye imikhicito lefana ne jusi kanye neliwayini kudzinga kungene umoya, libe lubisi ludzinga tintfo letiningi letehlukene ngaphambi kwekushisiswa.
Lendlela yekulungiselela kushisiswa kwelubisi ichazeka ngalolokulandzelako:
Lendlela yekushisisa ifaka kushisiswa kwelubisi kufikaku 72°C kwentela imizuzwana lelishumi nesihlanu kepha hhayi ngetulu kunemizuzwana lemashumi lamabili nesihlanu. Lolubisi lubese lugcinwa lupholiswa ngaphansi kuna 3°C phindze lupakikshwe.
Letintfo letisetjentiswako ekushisiseni phindze nekupholisa lokubisi tibitwa ngekutsi ‘kwekushisisa lokugucukako’.
Kushisisa kuphindze kutsatfwe njenge ‘High-Temperature Short Time (HTST) lendlela.
Kwakhiwa Kwencenye Yetindlela Letifanako
Lenandlela ivame kuchuba kushisisa lubisi. Yinchubo lephakeme lesita kususa tintfo letincane ebisini hhayi ekwakheni sigadla ngetulu. Lenandlela ayidzingi kushisa.
Kushisisa nge Microwave
Tintfo tekudla lokucinile letifana nemacandza tingashisiswa ngendlela yekushisisa nge microwave. Lesikhatsi sekushisisa kwentela kubulala E. coli kanye ne Staphylococcus aureus ihambela kumizuzwana lemashumi lamatsatfu, lekantsi kubulala iBacillus cereus loko kudzinga imizuzwana lemashumi layimfica.
Indlela yekushisisa lebandzako lefaka kwelapha imikhicito lefana nesinkhwa, nge microwave, isebentisa emandla etintsi teradio kumicrowave. Kubulala letintfo letincane letibanga kukhuntsa lokukhula esinkhweni ngako ngalenandlela, kungenta lesinkhwa singabi nekukhuntsa cishe tinsuku letimashumi lasitfupha.
Ku oven yemicrowave yasekhaya akukameli yetsenjwe kutintfo letincane letiphilako.
Kushisisa ngeKubandza
Letinye tindlela tekushisisa ngekubandza tifaka iHigh-Pressure Processing (HPP), Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) kanye nemsindvo kanjalo nesikhumba lesicinile noma lokuvalile.
Ngesikhatsi sekucindzetela lokuphakeme ngalenchubo, imikhicito levaliwe (ngendlela yekugcina yekuvalwa) kupakishwe ebhodleleni noma ephaketheni futsi kufakwe entfweni lehambela ku 6 000. Letitintfo letincane kanjalo tichubekisa imphilo yelishelufa yalemikhicito. Imikhicito lengaba ngu HPP lekhicitwe ngekudla lokuvele kulungisiwe, ipetfood, isalsa, iguacamole ne dips kanjalonejusi, kudla kwelubisiknaye netinhlavu.
I-PEF ibulala tintfo letincane letiphilako (ngekutsi kutsintse sikhumba noma lokuvalile) ngaphandle kwekusebenta ngalokukhulu kulelibala lemkhicito, sinongo kanye nemanutrients. I-PEF ayikalungeli kusebentisana nemagciwane lamaningi, ngako akukalungeli kushisiswa.
Kushisiswa kwemsindvo kusetjentiswa njengentfo levikela kudla kanye netintfo temitsi futsi kungasetjentiswa ekuhlanganiseni kushisiswa kwelubisi, bhiya kanye nemikhicito yemacandza lamanti.
Lokunye kudla lokucinile kushisiswa ngendlela lephansi ye gamma rays, X-rays kanye netintfo kwentela kugadza ifoodborne ne pathogens.
Kushisisa Kucudzelene ne UHT
Kuvame kutsi, kupakishwa kwekudla lokubhaliwe kuchaza ‘shisisa’ noma ‘UHT’ – kafishane ‘Ultra High Temperature’. Kushisa lokuphakeme?
Kushisa kushisisa lolokwakhiwe kufike ku 71°C kumizuzwana lelishumi nesihlanu ngaphambi kwekutsi kuphole kufikeku 3°C.
I-UHT ingashisisa lomkhicito kufike ku 137°C ngemizuzwana lemibili ngaphambi kwekutsi kuphole.
Totimbili letindlela tisetjentiswa ekubulaleni tintfo letincane.
Tintfo Letitfolwa Ekushisiseni
Kushisisa kuvikela kungcola noma emagciwane ekudleni lokwakhiwe noma lokwakhiwako phindze kuchubekise imiphilo yaseshelufini yetitnfo letakhiwe. Nomakunjalo, lendlela yekushisisa inciphisa emanutrients latsite kutsi abengendlela lephansi yekugaya.
Translated by Phindile Malotana