Pasteurisation yi tumbuluxiwe hi Louis Pasteur, mutivi wa sayense wale France. U kume leswaku ku virisa masi eka mahiselo yale henhla kutana ya hatlisa ya horisiw loko yangase cheriwa e bodlheleni kumbe eka xibye xin’wana swiendla leswaku yatshama yari furexe kuringana nkarhi woleha.
Endzhaku ka nkarhi u sungule kuya tirha e henhla ka biya hi lembe ra 1873, laha anga ringeta maendlelo lawa ya pasteurisation eka biya.
Hambiswiritano, pasteurisation ayi horisi nkululo woka wungari kahle kumbe maendlelo yoka yanga tshamisekangi, se nhlayiseko wa swakudya na vulawuri bya khwalithi swina nkoka swinene hinkarhi lowu ku lulamisiwaka swilo leswi tirhisiwaka.
Hi malembe yava 1800s, masi yohuma eka swifuwo leswi aswi vabya kumbe ya kumeke eka tindzhawu letinga basangiki ya vange leswaku vanhu votala va lahlekela hi vutomi. Kutani van’wamapurasi vavona leswaku ku virisa masi lawa ya nyikiwaka marhole aya hunguta mavabyi ya tuberculosis eka mintlhambi ya vona.
Xana Iyini Pasteurisation?
Pasteurisation iku virisiwa kale xikarhi ko hisa (60 - 100°C) ka swihalaki kumbe swakudya leswinga tiyela kuringana xinkarhani loko swingase horisiwa hiku hatlisa. Pasteurisation yi dlaya ti enzymes letinga lavekiki nati micro-organisms leti vangaka mavabyi tofana na Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia coli O157:H7 na Staphylococcus aureus.
Maendlelo ya Pasteurisation
Mahiselo na nkarhi wa pasteurisation swiya hi muxaka wa swakudya na swibye swakona. Swakudya leswinga endliwaka pasteurisation swikatsa swakudya swa masi, matandza, juzi ya mihandzu, cider na biya, Kosher wine, timanga, flawuri na vulombe. Switirhisiwa swin’wana swofana na juzi na wayeni swilava leswi vange i de-aeration, loko masi yalava homogenisation loko yangase endliwa pasteurisation. Maendlelo ya ntolovelo ya pasteurisation ya masi ya hlamuseriwa laha hansi:
Maendlelo ya pasteurisation yakatsa ku virisa masi kuya kwalomu ka 72°C ku ringana 15 wati sekondi kambe kungavi kuhundza 25 wati sekondi. Kutani masi ya hatlisa ya horisiwa kuya ehansi ka 3°C kutani ya cheriwa exibyeni. Switirhisiwa leswi tirhisiwaka ku virisa naku titimeta masi xivuriwa ‘heat exchanger’. Pasteurisation yitlela yitiveka tani hi ‘High-Temperature Short Time’ (HTST) process.
Homogenisation
Maendlelo lawa hi xitalo ya hundza pasteurisation eka masi. I manedlelo ya matimba lawa ya pfunetaka ku hangalasa hiku ringanela mafurha eka masi naswona yanga siyi rikoko ehenhla. Homogenisation ayi lavi kuhisa.
Pasteurisation Hiku Tirhisa Microwave
Swakudya leswinga tiyela nyana kufana na matandza naswona swinga endliwa pasteurisation hi maendlelo ya microwave pasteurisation. Nkarhi wa pasteurisation waku hlasela E. coli na Staphylococcus aureus wu kwalomu ka 30 wati sekondi, loko wo hlasela Bacillus cereus wuri eka 90 wati sekondi.
Maendlelo yotitimela ya pasteurisation lawa ya katsaka ku endliwa eka xinkwa hiku tirhisa ti microwave, switirhisa leswi vange i pulsed power of radio frequencies eka microwave spectrum. Laha ku dlayiwa ti spores totala leti vangaka leswaku kuva na mould leyi milaka eka xinkwa naswona hi ndlela leyi, swita endla leswaku xinkwa xingavi na mould kuringana 60 wa masiku.
Ti microwave oven tale makaya ahi fanelangi kuva hi tshembela eka tona kuva ku dlayiwa ti micro-organisms.
Pasteurisation Hiku Titimeta
Maendlelo lawa yan’wana ya pasteurisation yaku titimela yakatsa High-Pressure Processing (HPP), Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) xikan’we na ultrasound na membrane technology.
Hinkarhi wa maendlelo ya high-pressure processing, switirhisiwa leswinga phutseriwa (leswi hetisekeke) swipakiwa eka xibye kutani swi nghenisiwa eka ntshikelelo wa kwalomu ka 6 000 bar. Leswi swi dlaya ti micro-organisms kutani swi engetelela nkarhi lowu swingata tshama wona eka xelufu. Switirhisiwa leswinga tirhiseriwaka HPP swikatsa swakudya leswi lulamisiweke swa swifuwo, salsa, guacamole nati dip xikan’we na juzi, swakudya swa masi na grain.
PEF yi dlaya ti micro-organisms (hiku hlohletela ti cell membranes) kungari na nkavanyeto wokarhi eka muhlovo, nantswo na swakudya eka switirhisiwa. PEF ayi swikoti ku dlaya ti bacterial spores totala, se leswi swiendla leswaku yiva yinga ringanelangi kuva yi tirhisiwa tani hi maendlelo yo basisa.
Ultrasound pasteurisationyitishisiwa tani hiku sivela leswinga lavekeki eka swakudya naswona switirhisiwa swa vutshunguri swa tirhisiwa swikatsiwe na thermal pasteurisation ya masi na biya switirhisiwa swin’wana swa swihalaki leswi endliweke hi matandza.
Swin’wana swakudya swotiyela swa endliwa pasteurisation hiku tirhisa miseve yati gamma rays, X-rays nati electrons kulawula ti pathogens leti kumekaka e swakudyeni.
Pasteurisation vs UHT
Hi xitalo, swibye leswinga phutsela swakudya swiva switsariwile leswaku ‘pasteurise’ kumbe ‘UHT’- nkomiso wa ’Ultra High Temperature’. Xana hikwihi ku hambana exikarhi ka pasteurisation na UHT? Pasteurisation yi hisa switirhisiwa kuya fikela kwalomuya ka 71℃ kuringana 15 wati sekondi loko swinga se horisiwa kuya eka 3℃. UHT yi hisa switirhisiwa kuya fika eka 137℃ kuringana ti sekondi timbirhi loko swinga se titimetiwa. Maendlelo lawa hi vumbirhi ya tirhisiwa ku hlasela ti organisms letinga lavekiki.
Mbuyelo wa Pasteurisation
Pasteurisation yi sivela kuthyakisiwa ka tifeme taku lulamisa swakudya xikan’we naku engetelela vutomi bya xelufu bya swakudya. Hambiswiritano, ndlela ya mahiselo eka pasteurisation yi cinca vukona bya swakudya hikuva yi hlasela ti enzymes na tin’wana tati vitamins kutani yi cinca na swin’wana swakudya leswaku swi gayeleka hiku olova.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni