Kukhula Kwelidolobha lase Mapungubwe

Kweluleka kwe K2

©Roger de la Harpe

Ngetikhatsi tabo AD 1220, bantfu base K2 bacolela kusuka baye endzaweni lencono. Tintfo betibahambela kahle, yini ngalokukhula ngekuphangisa kwentsengiso kanye nemadlelo abo laphumelelako. Futsi sikhatsi sesifikile, beva njalo, kucala lidolobha lelitomelela simo sabo.
Lokusuka kwabo baye kulenye indzawo kwakungasiko nje kwentela imali lensha bazame kubukisa. kwakuyindlela yekukhomba ingucuko yelwandle kulendzawo yabo. Njengoba Thomas Huffman (loyi Archaeology losebenta eNyuvesi yase Wits) ayibeka ngakhona. "Lomcebo lomkhulu kakhulu lowakhokhwa nge Indian Ocean wabangumphumela longalandzeli lomunye, kantsi nekuhola imindeni kwaba yintfo lesetulu. Ngekwengeta, sive lesikhulako, lesisekelwa ngumfula lovulekile wetekulima, bowutobe usite kucinisa tinkinga talendzawo letikhona. Ngesikhatsi sa AD 1220, indzawo yase k2 yagucuka isuka kusinye sicumbi sebantfu lesikalelwa kusinye sicumbi selikilasi." Yetsemba imali kutsi yone tonkhe tintfo!

Yini lese Bitweni?

©Roger de la Harpe

Lendzawo lebayikhetsa kwentela lilolobha labo lelisha belilidze, intsaba lepatalele lesetulu, lelisendzaweni lemfisha kuya ngase nyakatfo mphuma lese K2, kulenye incenye ye Ntsaba iBambandyanalo. Kwakungumuncwa lomkhulu wemhlaba lonematje lokala emamitha lamashumi lamatsatfu kuya etulu, emamitha lamakhulu lamatsatfu ngebudze kanye nasemkhatsini wemamitha lalishumi nesihlanu nemashumi lasihlanu bubanti. Ngasemaceleni eMfula weLimpopo bekungangelimitha linye kuya enyakatfo.
Asati kutsi bayibitani lentsaba le. Leligama lesimanje, 'Mapungubwe', lasuka endvodzeni lese ikhulile lengaboni emehlweni lebeyibitwa nga Mowena, lowakhomba kucala lentsaba ku mehlo lamhlophe ngemnyaka wa 1931. Njengoba umhlaba ungasiwo webe Sotho, emaShona noma lulwimi lemaVenda, Kulukhuni kusho inchazelo yakhe lengiyo. Inchazelo lejwayelwe kakhulu yi 'ndzawo yabojakalazi', labasuka egameni lesiSotho lelitsi pungubye kanye neligama leTshiVenda lelitsi punguvhe, womabili achaza jakalazi.
Lojakalazi ngembuto kucatjangwa kutsi uchaza umholi lonemandla lohlale lapho. Lesive semaLembe, nomakunjalo, shano lelibito ngekutsi 'lendzawo lapho khona litje laliwa njengetjwala noma emanti', futsi loku kungachaza umfutfo wandvulo wekufuna kusebenta ngensimbi lencibilikile. Kungaphindze kusho 'indzawo leletsa kwati nekuvisisa' ngekusho kwa Matole Matshekga, lophetse Etikweni Lemasiko eKora. Kantsi labanye batsemba kutsi lihlangene ne Shona suffix-bwe, njengaze Zimbabwe, lelitsetfwe kuchaza 'ematje noma tindlu letivenereyithiwe'.

Indzawo Lekahle ye Lidolobha

©Photo courtesy of Mapungubwe Museum, Pretoria University

Noma nguyiphi indlela labalibita ngalo, leli lelitsi intsaba ngulona belikahle ngalelidolobha. Letindzawo letisemaceleni betiphakeme, futsi betikadze titine tindlela tekukhuphukela letulu, liningi lato bekulula kutimelela. Noma, ngekunganaki kulimala kwemabhilidi lamakhulu lacinile ekuvikela indzawo, ayikhwetfwanga kutsi igcine tive letingenelako kuncenye yendzawo lesemnceleni lapho khona indzawo yakha likona. Ecinisweni, kutse intfo lelisho kutsi bantfu base k2 bebakadze basemphini nalabanye futsi sonkhe lesikhatsi sabukeka sithulile.
Esikhundleni, lentsaba yakhetfwa kutsi igcine bantfu basendzaweni ngaphandle. Ngalesikhatsi, lesicumbi sebantfu sibekwe ngeticheme ngelisiko lema K2 sesifike sigaba lesiphakeme lapho khona lelibandla lasebukhosini leva ngatsi kumele lihlukaniswe kumisebenti yalo. Ngendlela, lesikhulu,umndeni waso wanyalo/lokhona, beluleki bakhe kanye nalabamugadzako basuke baye etindlini letakhiwe ngetulu kwentsaba. Bantfu basendzaweni bahlala kuboguca lebebakhiwe ngasekungeneni kwe ntsaba. Khuluma nge 'Nkhosi yephalesi'.

Imiphumela Lesembili Yelikilasi Iyakhomba

Lemiphumela lesetulu yebantfu labalicembu kulabo be K2 labangumumango yaba yimiphumela. Loku kwaba sikhatsi sikucala ngemlandvo wase Afrika kutsi indlela lefana nalena ibe yintfo lebonakala kahle-noma nje kungeke yintfo legcinako. Luhla lolubi loludze lema Afrika lakhombako solo alandzela sibonelo sase Mapungubwe basebatibeka etulu lapho bebabodvwa khona,khashane nebalandzeli babo lebebakhala. Lokufanako kungashiwo ngetinkhosi tase Europe, ngaleyo ndlela. Noma ngendlela yesimanje yebaholi labanemandla laphelele.
Akucaci kahle noma lokunika kwe Mapungubwe kwakukufuna kwe nkhosi letsite lenemandla, noma kwakuyinhlanganisela yesivumelwano kungaguculi likilasi lemiphumela lesetulu lebantfu labasicumbi bakhona lapho. Kungenteka kube netizatfu temoya, njengoba kucatjangwa kutsi lentsaba yayihlangene nekwakhiwa kwelitulu kanye naletinye tintfo lebetitekugcina kahle kwasebukhosini.
Noma ngasiphi sikhatsi, lendlela yayibukeka isebenta futsi nelisiko lase Mapungubwe lakhula eminyakeni leyalandzela lemashumi lasikhombisa nesihlanu. Lesi 'Sikhatsi seLigolide' lesimfisha kepha lesichakazako sasikadze sisidze ngekuphatsa kwenkhosi yinye noma timbili, kungaba ngetulu kwaloko, kepha ngaleso sikhatsi, labantfu base Mapungubwe bebaphitsitela kakhulu.

Emalungiselelo kanye Nekukhula Ngesikhatsi Lesimfisha

Intfo yekucala lebeyidzinga kwentiwa kwakukulungisa lentsaba kwentelwe lenkhosi. Sicumbi semathani emhlabatsi atfwalwa anyuselwa kulentsaba futsi asetjentiswa kwentela kulinganisa lingetulu lwematje. Tindlu taboguca takhiwa kwentelwa libandla lenkhosi (umdneni, bokhansela kannye nabogadzi), kanye nemigwaco yekungenela kulentsaba letulu yalungiswa.
Ngalendlela yekuchubekela etulu, lena yinye lesasetjentiswa namanje tivakashi tesimanje, tindlela tekubala tajutjwa kulamatje kwatsi tigodvo letimfisha tafakwa, kwentelwa kutsi tisebente njengesitebhisi. Tiphindze tivikele lendlela yekungenela nematje lasicumbu langajikwa phansi etinhloko tetivakashi letingamukeleki.
Ekungeneni kwentsaba kwakukhona tindlu letiyindingilizi kulabo labangasiyo incenye yebukhosi, futsi ngetulu kwaloko bekuhlala bantfu basendzaweni, lebebahlala etindlini letiningi lebetikhona kulendzawo lebetengcela lapho kuvuleke khona. Ngayinye 'indzawo lephucukile' ngabe ibe nesikhulu sayo noma inhloko yakhona. Umphumela we archaeological ubonise kutsi kwakukhona sigodzi lesincane eMapungubwe phambilini kwa 1220, futsi loku kuyobe kwashiswa kwase kwakhiwa kutsi kuhlalise bonkhe labantfu labaphuma eK2.
amalungiselelo ekushisa tindlu letindzala taboguca natibonakala kutsi tiyawa, kuphindze kwakhiwe boguca labashakuyoyona leyondzawo kwakuyinjwayelo kulesigodzi. Letintfo letiphansi letatfolwa endzaweni levulekile leseningizimu yeMapungubwe ikhomba kutsi loku kwenteka emahlandla lamaningi ngesikhatsi sekukhula lesimfisha salelidolobha.

Translated by Phindile Malotana