Ukukhula Komnomtho weMapungubwe

Ukukhuliswa kwe-K2

©Roger de la Harpe

Ngeminyaka yabo-1220 AD, abantu be-1220 AD, bathatha isiqunto sokobana bafudukele kwenye indawo enqhono. Izinto gade zibakhambela khuhle, ngombana gade barhweba, begodu banamasimu amahle akhipha ukudla. Baqabanga bona isikhathi sele sifikile, sokobana bakhe ihloko dorobha ebajameleko endaweni yabo etja le.
Ukufuduka kwabokhu gade kungenziwa kukobana balinga ukutjengisa ngemali etja esele banayo le kwaphela. Gade kukutjhuguluka kwelwandlephakathi emphakathini.
Njengombana i-(archaeologist esebenza e-Wits University) u-Thomas Huffman, ayibekile “Ubunjinga obukhulu obulethwe kurhweba erhwebeni le-Indian Ocean kwarholela ekuthini ubujamo betuthuko yabantu bungasalingani, imindeni egade inemali yabadosi phambili abasebujameni obuphezulu. Ukungezelela, isitjhaba sabantu egade sikhulesi, sithola ukudla ngokulima, kufanele kobana kwarhelebha ukuqinisa ukungafani ngokwehlalo egade sele kukhona. Ngonyaka ka-1220 AD, umphakathi we-K2 gade sele utjhuguluke ekuqaleni abantu ngokobana ubujamo babo bunjani emphakathi kutjhugulukele ekubaqaleni ngokobana banemali kangangani.” Themba imali ngokona yoke into!

Kunani Ebizweni?

©Roger de la Harpe

Indawo ebayikhethela ukwakha ihlokodorobha yabo etja leyo, gade kuyindunduma ede espara phezulu, egade ingasi kude nepumalnaga ye-K2, ngale kwehlangothini le-Bambandyanalo Hill. Gade kuyindunduma eyisanida ubude bayo obumamitha ayi-30 ukuya phezulu, -300 yamamitha ubude, ububanzi gade buyi-15 kuya ku-50 wamamitha ubukhulu. Ihlangothi lomlambo i-Limpopo River, gade liyimitha yinye ukuya ePumalanga.
Asazi bona indunduma le gade bayibizani. Kodwana ibizo layo lanje i-Mapungubwe’, lavela eqhegwini elidala eliyimpuputhe elibizwa bona ngu-Mowena, nokunguye owathoma watjengisa amakhuwa indunduma le ngonyaka ka-1931. Ngombana kusepepeneneni bona ibizweli akusingelelimu-Sotho, Shona nanyana isiVenda, kubudisi ukutjho bona litjho ukuthini. Kodwana sele bajwayele ukuliqhaza ngokobana, indawo yabojakalasi, elisukela ebizweni lesisotho i-pungubye kanye nelesiVhenda i-punguvhe womabili aqhaza bona jakalasi.
Ujakalasi okukhulunywa ngaye lo kuqatjangwa bona ukhuluma ngekosi enamandla egade ihlala lapho. Isitjhaba sama-Lemba siqhaza ibizweli njenge ndawo lapha ilitje gade ligeleza njengamanzi, lokhu kungaqhaza ikghonakalo yendulo yokusebenza ngesimbi enqibilikileko. Ingaqhaza godu nokobana indawo yokuhlakanipha ngokuya kwaka-Matole Motshekga, ihloko ye-Kora Heritage Institute. Abanye bakholelwa bona ihlotjaniswa nebizo lesi-Shona u-bwe, we-Zimbabwe, eqhaza ilitje eli-‘venerated nanyana izindlu.

Indawo ehle Yokwenza Imali

©Photo courtesy of Mapungubwe Museum, Pretoria University

Nanyana gade ibizwani, indunduma le kwakuyindawo ehle. Amahlangothi wayo gade ehlela, begodu gade kunezindlu ezine kwaphela ezizijameleko phezulu, zoke egade kubulula bona bazivikele. Nangaphandle kwokobana indawo le gade inganayo inturhu, gade ingakakhethelwa kwaphela ukuqotha iintjhaba ezimanaba. Begodu abukho ubufakazi obutjengisa bona abantu beK2 gade balwa nezinye iintjhaba isikhathi soke abasihlala eK2 gade kungesokuthula.
Kunokobana, indunduma le yakhethelwa ukwenzela bona abantu abanganamali bangagibeli kiyo. Ngeskhathesi, ubujamo behlalo lantana kwabantu besiko le-K2 gade sele bufike phezulu, kokobana abaphekeleli besigodlo kufanele babasuse ekuhlaleni nabanye abantu abajayelekileko. Ikosi, umndenayo, abaluleki bayo kanye nabonogada bayo bafuduka bayokuhlala emizini eyakhiwe phezulu endundumeni. Abahlali abajayelekileko, bahlala emizini emitjha egade yenziwe yafana phasi kwendunduma.

Ukugandelela Ukuhlukaniswa Kwabantu Nokugandelela

Ukukhula kokuhlukaniswa kwestjhaba ngokuya ngobujamo betutuko yabantu emphakathini we-K2 kwayangokwanda. Kwakusikhathi sokuthoma emlandondweni we-Afrika kokobana ukuziphatha okunjalo kuzibonakalise, nanyana kungeze kwaba ngekwamaswaphela. Irhelo elide labadosi phambili ababagandeleli be-Afrika solo kwalokho lalandela isibonelo seMapungubwe ngokobana lizibeke lodwa, lingazihlanganisi nabantu, lihlale kude neenlilo zabalandeli bazo.
Singatjho okufanako nangabadosi phambili be-Europe. Nanyana nangabaphi abagandeleli besikhathi sanje.
Ukusisemtarini bona ihlelo elitjha leMapungubwe lenzeka ngokuthanda kwekosi enamandla, nanyana kwakuyincenye yesiqunto abasithatha babanengi, kobana kunqhono ukuhlukanisa umphakathi ngokuya ngobujamo babantu.
Kungenzeka bona gade unobangela walokho wenziwa ziinkolelo ezikhethekileko, njengombana kuqatjangwa bona indunduma le gade ihlotjaniswa kwenziwela khone nezulu kanye nezinye izinto ezicwengileko egade zilondolozelwe isigodlo.
Ngesinye nesinye iskhathi isistimu kuqaleka inga gade isebenza, begodu isiko leMapungubwe laphumelela iminyaka eyi-75 eyalandela lapho. Isikhathi esifitjhani kodwana esikarisakweso ‘nekusikhathi esibizwa bona sikhathi serhawuda’ senzeka lokha nakubusa ikosi yanye nanyana mbili, mhlambe nezinye ezimbalwa, kodwana ngeskhatheso abantu bemaPungubwe gade bamajadu.

Ukulungiselwa Komnotho okhula Msinya

Into yokuthoma egade kufanel yenziwe, bekukulungisa indunduma ilungiselwa ikosi. Kwathatha imatani amanengi wehlabathi asiwa phezulu endundumeni, ihlabathi leyo yasetjenziselwa ukulevela phasi ngombana amatje gade angalingani. Kwakhiwa izindlu zakhelwa abaphekeleli bekosi (umndeni, abonogada kanye namakhansela), kwalungiswa iindlela ezizokungena endundumeni leyo.
Esangweni elikhulu, nekulisango esele lisetjenziswa ziimvakatjhi nje, kwasikwa imigoni elitjeni, kwafakwa amapali amafitjhani egade asetjenziswa njengesitepisi. Gade avikela neendlela ezingenakwezo, ngewobhu yamatje egade ingaphoselwa phasi eenhlokweni zeemvakatjhi ezingafunekiko.
Phasi kwendunduma leyo gade kunezindlu eziyizombelezileko, kungeza laba ekungasi ngebebukhosini, ngaphasi kwazo, gade kusabalele irhemo lezindlu ezifanako ezihlangeneko eblogweni lapha egade kuhlala abahlali abajayelekileko. Ikreste ngalinye gade linekosi yalo nanyana ikosana. Ubufakazi be-Archaeology butjengisa bona gade kuvele kunekreste elincani eMapungubwe ngaphambi kweminyaka yabo-1220, nokobana basola inga latjhiswa, lakhiwa godu lakhelwa ukuhlalisa abantu be-K2
Isenzo sokutjhisa imizi emidala lokha nasele ithoma ukugirika, bakhe emitjha khonapho endaweni leyo gade lijwayelekile esifundeneso. Iinsalela ezitholwe ekutjhingeni kwehlabathi nawuya ngenca yetjhingalanga itjengisa bona lokhu kwenzeka amahlandlalana ambalwa lokha ihlokodorobha le nayithoma ukukhula msinya.

Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana