I-Complex ye Mapungubwe

Idorobha leSewula Afrika Lokuthoma

©David Fleminger
Neminyaka yabo-1250 AD, iMapungubwe gade isesiqongolweni samandla wayo. Kwakuhlala abantu abangaba ma-500 entabeni le, lokhu kuyenza bona ibe lidorobha lokuthoma leSewula Afrika. (Eliqakatheke khulu lise Mmamagwa Botswana) lokhu kuqhaza bona iMapungubwe gade kungurhulumende welizweli wokuthoma.
Iinsalela zezitja neempoto ezibunjiweko zendawo le, yeMapungubwe kanye nesiko layo elihlukileko zitholwe endaweni engabama-30 000 square kilometres, nekungaba okungasenani yindawo elingana neyebukhosini bamaZulu kanye nenarha yangeliSotho.
Nakubalwa nazo zoke iimbopho ezingezelelweko zokuphatha ekufanele bazenze.
Ikosi kubonakala inga nayo beyidlala yodwa kude le. Ngeminyaka yama-1250, kwaphela iboda lamatje esumithini benzela ukuqinisela isigodlo.
Ngokuzisusa esitjhabeni ikosi gade ezisusa epilweni yamalanga namalanga yomphakathi. Kwamanye amasiko, ubulungiswa ngekwesiko gade kumsebenzi omkhulu wekosi, kodwana emaPungubwe, amakhotho gade akhiwe phezulu entabeni.
Bengeze wathola ikosi ikhambakhamba ebantwini, njeke kuqaleka inga gade kumfowabo lekosi egade adosa phambili emakhotho la, anikela nangobulungiswa esikhundleni sekosi egade ihlala phezulu entabeni.

Ikosi Yentabeni

©Jacques Marais
Ukwemba phezu kwentaba sele kuragele phambili kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1930s, begodu kuqatjangwa bona kuneenteyiji ezimbili ekwakhiweni kwe-Enclosure yesigodlo. Ikosi yokuthoma beyihlala epumalanga nawuya etjonalanga yentaba, lapha kutholakale khona izindlu ezimbalwa. Izindlwezi zibonwa ngokubamgodi egade isikwe elitjeni ukusekela amapali wendlu leyo. Kubonakala amaphaseji arondo ambalwa phezulu entabeni wamaboda wezindlu.
UHuffman uqhaza I-complex ngendlela elandelako mumakhiwo ongakajwayeleki one-Veranda enalapha kubaswa khona umlilo emalungeni womabili westulo. Iveranda le izombelezwe-yikumba encani enefluri yedaka eqine khulu neyenzwe kuhle kangongoba abembi bezinto zakade, gade bayibiza bona yisamende. Enye indlu enensalela zomnyango weenkuni otjhileko ajame hlanu kwendawo yalapha gade kubaselwa khona. Nangabe imakhiwo le ilandele iphetheni yakade yeZimbabwe, kutjho bona jeke indluna.

Umbhotjhongo Wekosi Wezinyo Lendlovu

©Roger de la Harpe
Ngeminyaka yama-1250, ihlelo elincaneli gade lingasabonwa lifanele ikosi yesibili begodu isigodi sobukhosi safuduselwa phakathi kwentaba. Amaboda wamatje, Esetjenziswa lokha nakwakhiwa i-great Zimbabwe, akhiwa ukwenza indlu yekosi bona ibonakale khulu nokobana aqinise ukuhluka kwekambiso elandelwako yamariyadlhana wesiko. UHuffman alandelela iphethini yakade yabantu abaphuma phambili be-Great Zimbabwe, ubeka umbono wokobana ikosi kwanjesi yayisele ihlukaniswe balamuli abanengi, isithunywa esikhulu besihlangana nemvakatjhi sizise ebazimini bekosi ukuyokubona bona ezikezi ngomqopho wokuletha umoya omumbi. Nangabe abagadi bathi akusinjalo, isibukeli besivunyelwa ukuya ekosini, begodu besihlala kwelinye ihlangothi lejarida lekosi sivalelwe liboda.
Iwoma elibonogada bekosi (nanyana amehlo wekosi), ababhini kanye nembongi inga nazo bezihlala lapho nayo phezulu entabeni-lokho kutjengiswa ziinsalela ze-Mancala game boards, ezigwalwe ematjeni. Ukwenjiwa kwezinto ezindala kutjengisa bona umfazi munye nanyana babili egade bathandwa khulu inga bekahlala ngemva esigodlweni, lokha abanye abafazi gade bahlala phezulu entabeni. Indawo lapha kwenziwa khona mariyadlhana wesiko wezinto eziqwengileko nokwenza izulu kuqatjangwa bona ngizo eziqede umbhotjhongo wekosi wezinyo lendlovu.

Ukwakhiwa kanye Nerhwebo

Nanyana kunjalo, ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esitja, akusikunengi okutjhugulukileko kusukela emalangeni we-K2. Abantu gade basenza umvango wokulima ekuqaleka inga gade usekelwa ziingoga eziseduze nomlambo) Kanye nokufuya (ngombana kunobufakazi benlwane zekhaya, izimvu, iinkomo, izinja kanye nembuzi). Iinsalela zezindlu zokubeka zitjengisa bona gade kubekwa isphila, igadoni kanye namabele. Kodwana iMapungubwe gade kuyindawo yemakhiwo kanye nesenta yokurhweba ekulu.

Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana