Amagugu wamarholo
Imigwalo emihle etjhiywe bezimu babathwa ematjeni kanye nemabodeni wamarholo angeze waphika ngehlangana neminye emihle khulu ephasini eburhwarini obenziwe babathwa.
Ngokufanako ama-(petroglyphs) atholakala enarheni le ephakathi, kodwana amagwalo wawo khulukhulu eendaweni ezimamatje ezifana ne-Drankensburg (KwaZulu-Natal) esifundeni se-Eastern Cape kanye nese-Western Cape (ekufakwa hlangana nendawo ye-Cederberg).
Kutholakala iinthombe nanyana imigwalo yabantu kanye namaqina amakhulu, akukavami kobana bagwale ngenarha egade bahlala kiyo.
Ekuthomeni abantu abanengi gade badlumbana kobana uburhwarobu gade butjengisa bona abathwa baphila njani qobe ngamalanga nanyana kobana butjengisa amarikhodi wabo wokuzuma, nanyana umncopho wokobana uburhwari babo gade buhlotjaniswa nezekolo yabo kanye nenkolelo lize gade kukhona kusukela ekuthomeni. Isiko loburhwari sele lafa eminyakeni eminengi eyadlulako, begodu eencenyeni ezinye zenarha bafa kade kunangeskhatheso.
Imibala esetjenziswa babathwa eburhwarini babo gade kumbala obomvu, ukusukela ko-orentji ukuya embaleni onzotho, omeruni, osarulana, omhlophe kanye nonzima. Akukho lapha bakhe basebenzisa khona umbala ohlaza satjani nanyana ohlaza kwesibhakabhala.
Kutlhogeka kobana kusetjenziswe iindlela ezihlakaniphileko zamakhemikhali kobana kurhujululwe kobana gade bayithola njani ihlanganisela yemibala le, begodu minengi imibuzo esoloko kungakatholwa iimpendulo zayo ngalokho. Umbala obomvu gade bawuthola ngokobana basebenzise ibumba elibomvu i-heamatite kanye nelisarulana i-limonite.
Kwesinye iskhathi kade kusetjenziswa umlotha kanye ne-Manganese oxide, lokha nabapenda ngombala onzima, lokha ipende emhlophe, yonakala msinya, gade bayenza nge-kaolin nanyana ngamadede wenyoni. Ngonyaka ka-1930, indoda emuthwa edala ekhabe kade Ibukela abanye abathwa nabagwalako, yatjengisa ezinye zendlela zokugwala ekhabe asazikhumbula, yatjho nokobana utlhoga igazi leqina kobana alihlanganise neminye imibala –egade kukhombisa itjhwayo lokuba sithako esenza umkariso mraro.
Ukufaka Amalanga Ematjeni Adwetjwe Babathwa
Ukukopa imidwebo yawo esamatjeni kubudisi khulu. Akusikanengi ungarhona, ngebanga lokobana izinto ekhabe bazisebenzisa nabadwebako kade zingakenziwa ngamakhemikhali (ukwenza Isibonelo azinayo i-carbon) njenge ngebanga lokobana ubunengi bama elemendi anganamakhemikhali Agade bawasebenzisa mancani khulu kobana bangawahlola.
Nange kunensalela eziphuma ematjenapho zalapha gade badwebe khon, lokha nakusetjenziswa i-archaelogy imethiriyali eyenziwe ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali abantu abasebenza nge-archaelogy bayarhona ukobana babone bonyana ilitjelo ladwetjwa nini,ngokobana umdwebo loyo mdala kangangani.
Enye indawo ese-Namibia ikhombise imidwebo ayadetjwa eminyakeni edlula eyi-26 000 yamatje anepende enzima, kodwana eminye imidwebo itjengisa kobana yadwetjwa eminyakeni eyi-10 000 eyadlulako. Imidwebo eminengi isesekhona begodu iyabonakala ematjeni, kwesinye isikhathi okungenzeka bona akusingeyakade ngebanga lokobana ilitje livamile ukonakala nokubola. Imidweno ese-Drankesberg yempera kanye namajoni itjengisa bona imidwebo leyo akusingeyakade ukudlula i-19th century.
Imidwebo yabathwa ibonakala ngokobana abadwebe umuntu onga uyagijima, okutjengisa ngokusepepeneni kobana usebelweni. Izenzo ezenzeka emidwebeni leyo zitjengiswe ngendlela ezinengi ezehlukahlukeneko, kuneminye etjengisa amaqina eqa nanyana agijima, agobe imisila nanyana ajikise iintamo. Kwesinye isikhathi imidwebo esematjeni leyo ikhombisa ukwenzeka kwesiga, ngaphambi kokobana senzeke, Isibonelo lokha umzumi nakazokukhipha umqibilitjholo, nanyana ibhubezi ngaphambi kokobana leqe. Njengezinye izinto ezenzeka empilweni zabathwa kanye nemasikweni wawo, kunemihlobohlobo yemidweno, ehluka ngestayela, ngokobana kukhulunywa ngani njalonjalo, eduze kwezinto ezifanakwezo ezitjengisa kobana abadwebi bagcugcuzelwe zinkolelo ezifanako.
Iimpende ezinemibala emibili kanye nalezo ezinemibala edlula emibili yamaqina, okusilwane esilitjhwayo elikhulu ebathweni, begodu eliyikomba yekolo yabanye abathwa, nakungasibo boke uburhwari. Imidwebo wabathwa abagidako, lapha abafazi bawahla khona lokha amadoda nakagidako, ayihlanganisela yobunye uburhwari obulaphako besiko, njengobakwaziwa ebathwaneni be-Kalahari. Imidwebo yamajoni, iinkariki kanye nezinye izinto nayo ikhona kancani. Imidwebo yemilando – ekubalwa hlangana eyarholela ukuqedweni kwesiko lokudweba, kanye nendlela yepilo eSewula-Africa.
Translated by Busisiwe Prudance Skhosana